| Your Handy-Dandy Guide to Theorists!!!!!! |
"If I have seen further . . . it is by standing upon the shoulders of Giants." --Sir Isaac Newton
Karl Abraham - psychoanalyst; manic depression; role of infant sexuality
Mary Ainsworth -- published her findings on attachment between Ugandan parents and babies in 1975; see picture.
Alois Alzheimer -- identified Alzheimer's Disease in 1906.
Virginia Apgar -- Apgar Newborn Assessment scale; infant assessed at 1 and 5 minute: 2 points each: respiration, heartbeat,
color, muscle tone, reflex irritability
Aristotle 427 -- 106 BCE -- founded schools with small-group tutoring, mostly for wealthy boys -- thinking skills, governing, military
strategy, managing commerce. Aristotle also described Epigenetic Development
Sylvia Ashton-Warner -- popularized "organic reading"
Albert Bandura -- 1925 -- Canadian; social learning theory; imitation, behaviorism; see picture.
Diana Baumrind -- parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive
Alfred Binet -- 1857 -- 1911 -- French; wrote the first IQ test with partner Theodore Simon; see
picture beside Bandura.
Sandra Blakeslee -- 4 types of good marriage, research done with Judith Wallerstein
Charles K. Bliss -- invented Blissymbols
Susan Blow -- 1873 -- opened the first kindergarten in the US associated with public schools
Bohannan -- six different but overlapping experiences of divorce
Pauline Boss -- Ambiguous Loss theory
John Bowlby -- 1907 -- 1990 -- British; Attachment Theory; see picture
Louis Braille -- French, developed the Braille System in 1821. Braille was himself blind.
T. Barry Brazelton -- 1918 -- pediatrician, developed the Neonatal Behavior Assessment
Scale; Harvard professor; see picture beside Bowlby
Joseph Breuer -- developed "cathartic method" of therapy with Freud
Urie Bronfenbrenner -- 1917 -- 2005 -- Russian, Ecological Systems Theory (concentric circles of
child's environment); see picture.
Brubaker -- three stages of grief
Jerome Bruner -- theory of intellectual growth developed in 1960s.
Noam Arram Chomsky -- language acquisition device; baby's learn language in the environment and lose ability to make
unique sounds in other languages.
Cicero -- see Aristotle
John Amos Comenius -- 1592 --1670 -- Czechoslovakian; wrote the first picture book for
children, "Orbis Pictus" (the World in Pictures) in 1657; emphasized learning at a child's own pace
(readiness) and learning by doing; see picture
Charles Darwin -- 1809 -- 1882 -- British, Evolution -- natural selection, survival of the fittest,
variation in sexual reproduction; see picture beside Comenius.
Developmentally Appropriate Practices -- first published 1984; NAEYC
John Dewey -- 1858 -- 1952 -- early American educator -- believed that children are valuable
and that childhood is important; started the Progressive Movement in education; see picture
Albert Einstein -- theory of relativity (e = mc²)
Abigail Eliot -- 1892 -- 1992 -- opened the Ruggles Street Nursery and
Training Center; see picture.
David Elkind -- "miseducation"
Havelock Ellis -- coined the term "autoeroticism"
Eric Erikson -- 1902 -- 1994 -- American, Psychosocial stages of
development (see below), Stage theorist; see picture
Eugenics -- "desirable" are genetically endowed.
Wilhelm Fliess -- helped develop psychoanalysis; inherent bisexuality
Sigmund Freud -- 1856 -- 1939 -- Austrian; Psychosexual Theory of Development (see below);
id, ego, superego; Stage theorist; importance of first five years to later mental illness; see picture.
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel -- 1852 -- "Father of Kindergarten" -- started kindergartens
(German for "children's garden" -- he thought that a child's first educational experiences should be a
garden full of pleasant discoveries and delightful adventures.) In 1836 he developed educational toys
he called "gifts from God"; see picture.
Howard Gardner -- published "Frames of Mind" outlining his Multiple Intellegences Theory in 1983;
see picture by Froebel.
Magda Gerber -- educaring; parenting philosophy: loving, crying, spanking, quality time, discipline
Arnold Gesell -- 1880 -- 1961 -- Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny; established the Clinic
of Child Development at Yale University; published "The Preschool Child" in 1923; see picture.
Eleanor Gibson -- designed the Visual Cliff apparatus with Richard Walk; used to test a small child's
depth perception.
Carol Gilligan -- published "In a Different Voice" in response to Lawrence Kohlberg's moral
development theory; see picture by Gessell.
Daniel Goleman -- emotional intelligence
Dean M. Gorall -- Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems with David T. Olsen
Georg Groddeck -- called the ego "it" -- an unknown quantity, "the sum total of an individual human being, physical, mental, and
spiritual, the organism with all its forces, the microcosmos, the universe which is a man, I conceive of as a self unknown and forever
unknowable, and I call this the "It" as the most indefinite term available without either emotional or intellectual associations."
Johannes Gutenberg -- invented the printing press in 1423, making books more available to the
common person. The printing press is credited with bringing about the end of the Middle Ages and the
beginning of the Renaissance; see picture.
G. Stanley Hall -- 1846 -- 1924 -- held seminar for kindergarten teachers to explain his approach
to child development -- Normative Period; age-related standards and milestones; see picture by
Gutenberg..
Harry Harlow -- 1905 -- 1981 -- American -- Ethology; rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers; see picture
Patty Smith Hill -- 1868 -- 1914 -- Wrote the Happy Birthday song and founded the National
Association of Nursery Education in 1926. Now NAEYC -- National Association for the Education of
Young Children; see picture.
Reuben Hill -- ABC-X Family Crisis Model
Robert Aubrey Hinde -- religion, ethics, eliminating the causes of war; ethologist
Susan Isaacs -- 1885 -- 1948 -- published "The Nursery Years" which emphasized forces of love, good but
regulating parent, opportunity to express aggression in modified form, not explosive negative actions of hatred and
oppression -- child's point of view and play; see picture.
Carl Jung -- dream interpretation, mandalas, colleague of Freud
David Kantor -- three types of Marriage/Family systems, 1975 with William Lehr
Susan Kellogg -- "companionate family" with Steven Mintz
Samuel Kirk -- coined the term "learning disabilities"
Melanie Klein -- psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis on children
Lawrence Kohlberg -- published Moral Development Theory in 1963 and 1966; see picture
La Leche League was established in 1956.
Ellen J. Langer -- coined the terms mindfulness and mindlessness.
John Alan Lee -- origin of love; styles of love: eros, mania, ludus, storge, agape, pragma
William Lehr -- three types of marriage/ family systems; 1975 with David Kantor
Lerner -- "Dance of Anger"; styles of anger and how they interact
John Locke -- 1632 -- 1714 -- British, Tabula Rasa (blank slate -- Reformation; NURTURE;
see picture
Konrad Lorenz -- 1903 -- 1989 -- Austrian; Ethology; greylag goslings and imprinting;
see picture beside Locke
Mary Lyon -- lyonization: genetic principle that there is an X-chromosome inactivation in girls
Paul MacLean -- coined the term "limbic system" in 1952, referring to a group of connected tissues in the mid-brain
area.
Mary Main -- developed the Adult Attachment Interview
Loris Malaguzzi -- 1920 -- 1994 -- started the Reggio Emilia Preschools in Italy at the end of World War II (1946),
respect for children's work; 100 Languages of Children; see picture
Abraham Maslow -- hierarchy of needs; self-actualization
Masters and Johnson -- 4 phases of physiological sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
McMillian Sisters (Margaret and Rachel) -- 1914 -- concerned about environments in schools --
campaigned to improve schools by installing bathrooms, better ventilation, free meals (hungry children
cannot learn). 1918 -- opened USA's first school clinic offering dental, surgical, and breathing and posture
lessons; night camps for children to bathe and receive clean clothes. Opened an open-air Nursery
School and training center; see pictures.
Medieval societies 6th -- 15th centuries-- believed children were miniature adults
Gregor Mendel -- 1822 -- 1884 -- Augustinian priest and scientist who studied the inheritance of certain
traits in pea plants. He gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the science of genetics.
Steven Mintz -- "companionate family" with Susan Kellogg
Lucy Sprague Mitchell -- 1878 -- 1967 -- The Bureau of Education Experiments became the Bank Street College
of Education, which Mitchell founded.
Maria Montessori -- 1870 -- 1952 -- Italian; physician; opened the preschool "Casa di Bambini" for 50 children,
ages 2 to 5 years; sequential steps of learning; self-correcting and sequential materials; tactile materials; prepared
environment; teachers are observers and facilitators; children have an innate desire to learn; see picture.
Robert Murdoch -- coined the term "nuclear family" in 1949.
National Association for the Education of Young People (NAEYC) -- 1966 name changed from
National Association for Nursery Education
Darcia Navarez -- moral components to a moral education: moral character, moral judgment, moral
motivation, moral sensitivity
A.S. Neill -- 1883 -- 1973 -- wrote book "Summerhill" and based his curriculum on Rousseau's view of child
development; believed in granting children "freedom" because they are "innately wise and realistic." see
picture.
David H. Olsen -- Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems with Dean M. Gorrall
Parent Cooperative Schools -- Brook Farm -- Utopian co-op community in 1840s -- on-site child care center for working adults; first
Parent Participation Schools -- 1915 at University of Chicago -- faculty wives -- Chicago Cooperative Nursery School
Talcott Parsons (Parson and Bales) -- relationship between the individual and society; model of the
modern family
Mildren Parten -- stages of play: unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative,
cooperative
Ivan Pavlov -- 1849 -- 1936 -- Russian, classical conditioning; dogs, saliva, bell; behaviorism; see
picture
Elizabeth Peabody -- 1860 -- opened the first English speaking kindergarten in Boston
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi -- 1746 -- 1827 -- Swiss; educator; believed that good education meant the
development of the senses; caring as well as educating; integrated curriculum to develop the whole child. Book: "How
Gertrude Teaches Her Children" emphasized home education; group teaching; see picture beside Pavlov.
Jean Jacques Piaget -- 1896 -- 1980 -- Swiss, Cognitive Development Theory (see below) -- assimilation,
accommodation, adaptation, conservation, object permanence -- etc.; Stage theorist; see picture
Plato -- see Aristotle; see picture
Plautius -- "Man is a wolf to man" ("Homo lupus homini")
Polybius -- see Aristotle
Project Head Start -- War on Poverty (Johnson) -- Head Start provided educational, social, dental, etc. for children from low-SES
households; "compensatory education"
Puritans -- children are born evil and stubborn
Ira Reiss -- developed the Theory of the Origin of Love
Carl Rogers -- Humanistic approach
Barbara Rogoff -- preferred the term "guided participation" to "scaffolding" (Vygotsky).
Jean Jacques Rousseau -- 1712 -- 1778 -- French, Noble Savages; Enlightenment; Book "Emile"
proclaims the child's natural goodness; see picture.
Margaretha Schurz -- 1856 -- opened the first kindergarten in the US -- in Wisconsin -- for children who spoke German
Sidman - 6 criteria against which a theory should be measured
Theodore Simon -- Binet's partner in writing the first IQ test
BF Skinner -- 1904 -- 1990 -- American; operant conditioning; behaviorism; see picture.
Socrates -- conscience is the inner voice that forbids certain activities
Benjamin Spock -- 1903 -- 1990 -- wrote "Baby and Childcare" -- sold over 50 million copies in 42 languages;
children should spend discovery time out of the playpen; child-proofing; see picture.
Rudolf Steiner -- 1861-- 1925 -- German, method of education: Waldorf School of Education; three periods of
childhood: will, heart, and head; emphasized the child's spiritual development, imagination, and creative gifts;
self-discipline will emerge from the child's natural willingness to learn and initiate; fairy stories help children learn wisdom;
television not allowed; see picture.
Robert Sternberg -- Triarchic theory of successful intelligence; Triangular theory of love
Lewis Terman -- of Stanford University; revised and standardized the IQ scale designed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
William I. Thomas -- Thomas theorem: symbolic interaction perspective: "If people define a situation as real, they are real in their
consequences."
Stith Thompson -- American folklorist, motif index
Traditional Nursery Schools -- began in the early 20th century and served mostly upper and middle class children, funded by
parents.
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky -- 1896 -- 1934 -- Russian, Sociocultural theory; zone of proximal development;
see picture
Conrad Hal Waddington -- coined the term "epigenetic" in 1977.
Lenore E. Walker -- wrote "The Battered Woman", published in 1979.
Richard Wall -- helped design the Visual Cliff apparatus with Eleanor Gibson.
Willard Waller -- proposed the rule that the partner in a relationship who is least interested has the most power.
Judith Wallerstein -- four types of good marriage; longitudinal divorce study
John Watson -- 1878 -- 1958 -- American, classical conditioning; Albert and the white rat; Behaviorism; see
picture.
David Wechsler -- developed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
Lenore Weitzman -- sex role socialization in picture books for children; "alimony myth" that women profit from divorce.
White -- effective motivation
Mary Ainsworth -- published her findings on attachment between Ugandan parents and babies in 1975; see picture.
Alois Alzheimer -- identified Alzheimer's Disease in 1906.
Virginia Apgar -- Apgar Newborn Assessment scale; infant assessed at 1 and 5 minute: 2 points each: respiration, heartbeat,
color, muscle tone, reflex irritability
Aristotle 427 -- 106 BCE -- founded schools with small-group tutoring, mostly for wealthy boys -- thinking skills, governing, military
strategy, managing commerce. Aristotle also described Epigenetic Development
Sylvia Ashton-Warner -- popularized "organic reading"
Albert Bandura -- 1925 -- Canadian; social learning theory; imitation, behaviorism; see picture.
Diana Baumrind -- parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive
Alfred Binet -- 1857 -- 1911 -- French; wrote the first IQ test with partner Theodore Simon; see
picture beside Bandura.
Sandra Blakeslee -- 4 types of good marriage, research done with Judith Wallerstein
Charles K. Bliss -- invented Blissymbols
Susan Blow -- 1873 -- opened the first kindergarten in the US associated with public schools
Bohannan -- six different but overlapping experiences of divorce
Pauline Boss -- Ambiguous Loss theory
John Bowlby -- 1907 -- 1990 -- British; Attachment Theory; see picture
Louis Braille -- French, developed the Braille System in 1821. Braille was himself blind.
T. Barry Brazelton -- 1918 -- pediatrician, developed the Neonatal Behavior Assessment
Scale; Harvard professor; see picture beside Bowlby
Joseph Breuer -- developed "cathartic method" of therapy with Freud
Urie Bronfenbrenner -- 1917 -- 2005 -- Russian, Ecological Systems Theory (concentric circles of
child's environment); see picture.
Brubaker -- three stages of grief
Jerome Bruner -- theory of intellectual growth developed in 1960s.
Noam Arram Chomsky -- language acquisition device; baby's learn language in the environment and lose ability to make
unique sounds in other languages.
Cicero -- see Aristotle
John Amos Comenius -- 1592 --1670 -- Czechoslovakian; wrote the first picture book for
children, "Orbis Pictus" (the World in Pictures) in 1657; emphasized learning at a child's own pace
(readiness) and learning by doing; see picture
Charles Darwin -- 1809 -- 1882 -- British, Evolution -- natural selection, survival of the fittest,
variation in sexual reproduction; see picture beside Comenius.
Developmentally Appropriate Practices -- first published 1984; NAEYC
John Dewey -- 1858 -- 1952 -- early American educator -- believed that children are valuable
and that childhood is important; started the Progressive Movement in education; see picture
Albert Einstein -- theory of relativity (e = mc²)
Abigail Eliot -- 1892 -- 1992 -- opened the Ruggles Street Nursery and
Training Center; see picture.
David Elkind -- "miseducation"
Havelock Ellis -- coined the term "autoeroticism"
Eric Erikson -- 1902 -- 1994 -- American, Psychosocial stages of
development (see below), Stage theorist; see picture
Eugenics -- "desirable" are genetically endowed.
Wilhelm Fliess -- helped develop psychoanalysis; inherent bisexuality
Sigmund Freud -- 1856 -- 1939 -- Austrian; Psychosexual Theory of Development (see below);
id, ego, superego; Stage theorist; importance of first five years to later mental illness; see picture.
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel -- 1852 -- "Father of Kindergarten" -- started kindergartens
(German for "children's garden" -- he thought that a child's first educational experiences should be a
garden full of pleasant discoveries and delightful adventures.) In 1836 he developed educational toys
he called "gifts from God"; see picture.
Howard Gardner -- published "Frames of Mind" outlining his Multiple Intellegences Theory in 1983;
see picture by Froebel.
Magda Gerber -- educaring; parenting philosophy: loving, crying, spanking, quality time, discipline
Arnold Gesell -- 1880 -- 1961 -- Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny; established the Clinic
of Child Development at Yale University; published "The Preschool Child" in 1923; see picture.
Eleanor Gibson -- designed the Visual Cliff apparatus with Richard Walk; used to test a small child's
depth perception.
Carol Gilligan -- published "In a Different Voice" in response to Lawrence Kohlberg's moral
development theory; see picture by Gessell.
Daniel Goleman -- emotional intelligence
Dean M. Gorall -- Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems with David T. Olsen
Georg Groddeck -- called the ego "it" -- an unknown quantity, "the sum total of an individual human being, physical, mental, and
spiritual, the organism with all its forces, the microcosmos, the universe which is a man, I conceive of as a self unknown and forever
unknowable, and I call this the "It" as the most indefinite term available without either emotional or intellectual associations."
Johannes Gutenberg -- invented the printing press in 1423, making books more available to the
common person. The printing press is credited with bringing about the end of the Middle Ages and the
beginning of the Renaissance; see picture.
G. Stanley Hall -- 1846 -- 1924 -- held seminar for kindergarten teachers to explain his approach
to child development -- Normative Period; age-related standards and milestones; see picture by
Gutenberg..
Harry Harlow -- 1905 -- 1981 -- American -- Ethology; rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers; see picture
Patty Smith Hill -- 1868 -- 1914 -- Wrote the Happy Birthday song and founded the National
Association of Nursery Education in 1926. Now NAEYC -- National Association for the Education of
Young Children; see picture.
Reuben Hill -- ABC-X Family Crisis Model
Robert Aubrey Hinde -- religion, ethics, eliminating the causes of war; ethologist
Susan Isaacs -- 1885 -- 1948 -- published "The Nursery Years" which emphasized forces of love, good but
regulating parent, opportunity to express aggression in modified form, not explosive negative actions of hatred and
oppression -- child's point of view and play; see picture.
Carl Jung -- dream interpretation, mandalas, colleague of Freud
David Kantor -- three types of Marriage/Family systems, 1975 with William Lehr
Susan Kellogg -- "companionate family" with Steven Mintz
Samuel Kirk -- coined the term "learning disabilities"
Melanie Klein -- psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis on children
Lawrence Kohlberg -- published Moral Development Theory in 1963 and 1966; see picture
La Leche League was established in 1956.
Ellen J. Langer -- coined the terms mindfulness and mindlessness.
John Alan Lee -- origin of love; styles of love: eros, mania, ludus, storge, agape, pragma
William Lehr -- three types of marriage/ family systems; 1975 with David Kantor
Lerner -- "Dance of Anger"; styles of anger and how they interact
John Locke -- 1632 -- 1714 -- British, Tabula Rasa (blank slate -- Reformation; NURTURE;
see picture
Konrad Lorenz -- 1903 -- 1989 -- Austrian; Ethology; greylag goslings and imprinting;
see picture beside Locke
Mary Lyon -- lyonization: genetic principle that there is an X-chromosome inactivation in girls
Paul MacLean -- coined the term "limbic system" in 1952, referring to a group of connected tissues in the mid-brain
area.
Mary Main -- developed the Adult Attachment Interview
Loris Malaguzzi -- 1920 -- 1994 -- started the Reggio Emilia Preschools in Italy at the end of World War II (1946),
respect for children's work; 100 Languages of Children; see picture
Abraham Maslow -- hierarchy of needs; self-actualization
Masters and Johnson -- 4 phases of physiological sexual response: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
McMillian Sisters (Margaret and Rachel) -- 1914 -- concerned about environments in schools --
campaigned to improve schools by installing bathrooms, better ventilation, free meals (hungry children
cannot learn). 1918 -- opened USA's first school clinic offering dental, surgical, and breathing and posture
lessons; night camps for children to bathe and receive clean clothes. Opened an open-air Nursery
School and training center; see pictures.
Medieval societies 6th -- 15th centuries-- believed children were miniature adults
Gregor Mendel -- 1822 -- 1884 -- Augustinian priest and scientist who studied the inheritance of certain
traits in pea plants. He gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the science of genetics.
Steven Mintz -- "companionate family" with Susan Kellogg
Lucy Sprague Mitchell -- 1878 -- 1967 -- The Bureau of Education Experiments became the Bank Street College
of Education, which Mitchell founded.
Maria Montessori -- 1870 -- 1952 -- Italian; physician; opened the preschool "Casa di Bambini" for 50 children,
ages 2 to 5 years; sequential steps of learning; self-correcting and sequential materials; tactile materials; prepared
environment; teachers are observers and facilitators; children have an innate desire to learn; see picture.
Robert Murdoch -- coined the term "nuclear family" in 1949.
National Association for the Education of Young People (NAEYC) -- 1966 name changed from
National Association for Nursery Education
Darcia Navarez -- moral components to a moral education: moral character, moral judgment, moral
motivation, moral sensitivity
A.S. Neill -- 1883 -- 1973 -- wrote book "Summerhill" and based his curriculum on Rousseau's view of child
development; believed in granting children "freedom" because they are "innately wise and realistic." see
picture.
David H. Olsen -- Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems with Dean M. Gorrall
Parent Cooperative Schools -- Brook Farm -- Utopian co-op community in 1840s -- on-site child care center for working adults; first
Parent Participation Schools -- 1915 at University of Chicago -- faculty wives -- Chicago Cooperative Nursery School
Talcott Parsons (Parson and Bales) -- relationship between the individual and society; model of the
modern family
Mildren Parten -- stages of play: unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative,
cooperative
Ivan Pavlov -- 1849 -- 1936 -- Russian, classical conditioning; dogs, saliva, bell; behaviorism; see
picture
Elizabeth Peabody -- 1860 -- opened the first English speaking kindergarten in Boston
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi -- 1746 -- 1827 -- Swiss; educator; believed that good education meant the
development of the senses; caring as well as educating; integrated curriculum to develop the whole child. Book: "How
Gertrude Teaches Her Children" emphasized home education; group teaching; see picture beside Pavlov.
Jean Jacques Piaget -- 1896 -- 1980 -- Swiss, Cognitive Development Theory (see below) -- assimilation,
accommodation, adaptation, conservation, object permanence -- etc.; Stage theorist; see picture
Plato -- see Aristotle; see picture
Plautius -- "Man is a wolf to man" ("Homo lupus homini")
Polybius -- see Aristotle
Project Head Start -- War on Poverty (Johnson) -- Head Start provided educational, social, dental, etc. for children from low-SES
households; "compensatory education"
Puritans -- children are born evil and stubborn
Ira Reiss -- developed the Theory of the Origin of Love
Carl Rogers -- Humanistic approach
Barbara Rogoff -- preferred the term "guided participation" to "scaffolding" (Vygotsky).
Jean Jacques Rousseau -- 1712 -- 1778 -- French, Noble Savages; Enlightenment; Book "Emile"
proclaims the child's natural goodness; see picture.
Margaretha Schurz -- 1856 -- opened the first kindergarten in the US -- in Wisconsin -- for children who spoke German
Sidman - 6 criteria against which a theory should be measured
Theodore Simon -- Binet's partner in writing the first IQ test
BF Skinner -- 1904 -- 1990 -- American; operant conditioning; behaviorism; see picture.
Socrates -- conscience is the inner voice that forbids certain activities
Benjamin Spock -- 1903 -- 1990 -- wrote "Baby and Childcare" -- sold over 50 million copies in 42 languages;
children should spend discovery time out of the playpen; child-proofing; see picture.
Rudolf Steiner -- 1861-- 1925 -- German, method of education: Waldorf School of Education; three periods of
childhood: will, heart, and head; emphasized the child's spiritual development, imagination, and creative gifts;
self-discipline will emerge from the child's natural willingness to learn and initiate; fairy stories help children learn wisdom;
television not allowed; see picture.
Robert Sternberg -- Triarchic theory of successful intelligence; Triangular theory of love
Lewis Terman -- of Stanford University; revised and standardized the IQ scale designed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
William I. Thomas -- Thomas theorem: symbolic interaction perspective: "If people define a situation as real, they are real in their
consequences."
Stith Thompson -- American folklorist, motif index
Traditional Nursery Schools -- began in the early 20th century and served mostly upper and middle class children, funded by
parents.
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky -- 1896 -- 1934 -- Russian, Sociocultural theory; zone of proximal development;
see picture
Conrad Hal Waddington -- coined the term "epigenetic" in 1977.
Lenore E. Walker -- wrote "The Battered Woman", published in 1979.
Richard Wall -- helped design the Visual Cliff apparatus with Eleanor Gibson.
Willard Waller -- proposed the rule that the partner in a relationship who is least interested has the most power.
Judith Wallerstein -- four types of good marriage; longitudinal divorce study
John Watson -- 1878 -- 1958 -- American, classical conditioning; Albert and the white rat; Behaviorism; see
picture.
David Wechsler -- developed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
Lenore Weitzman -- sex role socialization in picture books for children; "alimony myth" that women profit from divorce.
White -- effective motivation
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| JEAN PIAGET -- COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY Sensorimotor stage -- ages birth to 2 years Infants "think" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, and hands. As a result, they invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems, such as pulling a lever to hear the sound of a music box, finding hidden toys, and putting objects in and taking them out of a container. Preoperational stage -- ages 2 to 7 years Preschool children use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries. Development of language and make-believe play takes place. However, thinking lacks the logical qualities of the two remaining stages. Concrete Operational stage -- ages 7 to 11 years Children's reasoning becomes logical. School age children understand that a certain amount of lemonade or play dough remains the same even after its appearance changes (object permanence). They also organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. However, thinking falls short of adult intelligence. It is not yet abstract. Formal Operational stage -- 11 years and upward The capacity for abstraction permits adolescents to reason with symbols that do not refer to objects in the real world, as in advanced mathematics. They can also think of all the possible outcomes in a scientific problem, not just the obvious ones. |
| SIGMUND FREUD -- PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY Oral Stage -- ages birth to 1 year The new ego directs the baby's sucking activities toward breast or bottle. If oral needs are not met appropriately, the individual may develop such habits as thumb sucking, fingernail biting, and pencil chewing in childhood; overeating and smoking in adulthood. Anal Stage -- ages 1 to 3 years Young toddlers and preschoolers enjoy holding and releasing urine and feces. Toilet training becomes a major issue between parent and child. If parents insist that children be trained before they are not ready or make too few demands, conflicts about anal control may appear in the form of extreme orderliness and cleanliness or disorder and messiness. Phallic Stage -- 3 to 6 years Id impulses transfer to the genitals, and the child finds pleasure in genital stimulation. Freud's Oedipus Conflict for boys and Electra conflict for girls take place. Young children feel a sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent. To avoid punishment, they give up this desire, and instead, adopt the same-sex parent's characteristics and values. As a result, the superego is formed. The relations between the id, ego, and superego established at this time determine the individual's basic personality orientation. Latency Stage -- 6 to 11 years Sexual instincts die down, and the superego develops further. The child acquires new social values from adults outside the family and from play with same-sex peers. Genital Stage -- adolescence Puberty causes the sexual impulses of the Phallic Stage to reappear. If development has been successful during earlier stages, it leads to marriage, sexual maturity, and the birth and rearing of children. |
| ERIK ERIKSON -- PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY Trust vs. Mistrust -- birth to one year Babies learn either to trust OR mistrust that others will care for their basic needs, including nourishment, sucking, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact. This stage corresponds with Freud's Oral Stage. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt -- 1 to 3 years Children learn either to be self-sufficient in many activities, including toileting, feeding, walking, talking, OR to doubt their own abilities. This stage corresponds with Freud's Anal Stage. Initiative vs. Guilt -- 3 to 6 years Children want to undertake many adult-like activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents and feeling guilt. This stage corresponds with Freud's Phallic Stage. Industry vs. Inferiority 7 to 11 years Children busily learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do anything well. This stage corresponds with Freud's Latency stage. Identity vs. Role Confusion -- adolescence Adolescents try to figure out, "Who am I?" They establishe sexual, ethnic, and career identities, OR are confused about which future roles to play. This stage corresponds with Freud's Genital stage. Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adults seek companionship and love with another person OR become isolated from others. Generativity vs. Stagnation -- adulthood Middle-aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work and raising a family, OR become stagnant and inactive. Integrity vs. Despair -- maturity Older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as a meaningful whole, OR despairing at goals never reached and questions never answered. |
| URIE BRONFENBRENNER -- ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT The Microsystem -- The immediate setting that contains the child. Includes physical space and activities therein, most important people to the particular child, and interactions between the child and the important people. The Mesosystem -- Made up of the relationships among the different settings in which the child spends time during different periods of development. Interrelations among microsystems. The Exosystem -- A set of specific social structures that do not directly contain the child but still have impact on the child's development. These structures influence, delimit, or even determine what goes on in the child's microsystem. The Macrosystem -- Consists of all the elements contained in the child's micro-, meso-, and exosystems, plus the general underlying philosophy or cultural orientation within which the child lives. This is the overarching institutional patterns of the culture or subculture, such as the economic, social, educational, legal, and political systems of which the local micro-, meso-, and exosystems are the concrete manifestations. The Chronosystem -- (outside the Macrosystem) Temporal changes in children's environments, which produce new conditions that affect development. These changes can be imposed externally or arise from within the child. (time) |
