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| tableaus -- "frozen pictures" in which groups of students "freeze" or pose to act out a scene, a saying, a book title, etc. taboo -- Freud: a sacred-feeling prohibition that applies to an entire group. Its true purpose is to keep incestuous wishes unconscious. The rituals surrounding the taboo are similar to those of obsessive-compulsive neurosis but are collective rather than personal. tabula rasa -- Concept attributed to John Locke. Young children seen very much like a blank slate. Learning is not innate but rather the result of experiences and activities. tachycardia -- rapid heart rate. tactilely defensive -- Responding to physical contact with an unusual level of resistance (e.g., a child who will not fingerpaint because it is messy). tactile -- referring to touch. tactile exploration -- using the sense of touch to learn more about the environment. tactile stimulation -- response using the sense of touch. Tadoma -- tactile lip-reading by feeling the vibrations of the words by touching the speaker's throat, face, and jaw muscles. tadpole man -- beginning drawings of humans with lines protruding from circles (see illustration--------->>) talent -- outstanding performance in a particular field. talented and gifted -- designation for higher than average cognitive, linguistic, social, creative development tale type index -- a classification system for folktales developed by Antti Aarne, 19th century Finnish folklorist edited and published in 1928 by the American folklorist Stith Thompson in The Types of the Folk-tale: A Classification and Bibliography. Classification is based on recurrent plots, characters, and component elements (motifs). This system allows for the identification of variants of the same tale and supports cross cultural folktale research. talipes equinovarus -- see clubfoot. tall tales -- humorous tales that relate impossible events or a larger-than-life character's exploits, giving realistic but hugely exaggerated details. Tall tales are considered an American genre (see picture-------->). tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) -- the machine used in newborn screening to detect certain inborn errors of metabolism. The method to use this machine is called tandem mass spectroscopy. TANF -- see Temporary Aid to Needy Families. tangible reinforcers -- Material things that the individual likes; in children, favorite foods or drinks, toys, stickers, etc. Tangier disease -- named after a group of three islands in the Chesapeake Bay (Tangier Island), Virginia. Tangier disease is characterized by an excess of "foam cells" -- immune cells called macrophages stuffed to the gills with a slightly modified version of cholesterol. Nearly all people with Tangier disease develop a yellowing of the corneas as they age, and peripheral neuropathy in their arms that can prevent the person from feeling pain. Other characteristics of Tangier disease are a slightly elevated amount of fat in the blood (mild hypertriglyceridemia); disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy); enlarged, orange-colored tonsils; artherosclerosis (accummulation of fatty deposits and scar-like tissue in the lining of the arteries); enlarged spleen (splenomegaly); enlarged liver (hepatomegaly); clouding of the cornea; and type 2 diabetes. Tangier is a rare disorder with approximately 100 cases identified worldwide. Caused by a mutated gene (ABC1 gene) on the long arm of chromosome 9 (9q31), autosomal recessive. Though recessive, people who inherit just one copy of the mutated gene show an intermediate condition: their bodies produce about 50% less HDL (high density lipoprotein, the good cholesterol) than people with 2 normal copies of the gene. tardive dyskinesia -- a potentially severe movement disorder resulting from the long-term use of phenothiazines or any other antipsychotic medication. target behavior -- behavior selected for assessment and management. TAR syndrome -- see thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome. tartar -- see calculus. TASH -- formerly the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps. International advocacy group for people with disabilities, which actively promotes the full inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities in all aspects of life. task analysis - Instructional process for ensuring systematic learning by breaking lengthy or small steps and teaching those steps to students, separately at first and then gradually in combination. taurine -- a free amino acid needed by infants for normal growth and development of the central nervous system. tax exempt -- excused from taxation, often on the basis of nonprofit claims. taxis -- an orienting or locomotor response; an innate behavioral response by an organism to a directional stimulus.. Tay-Sachs disease (GM2 gangiosidosis, type 1) -- a lysosomal storage disorder leading to a progressive neurological condition characterized by deafness, blindness, and seizures; development is typical for the first several months of life. Subsequently, there is an increased startle response, hypotonia followed by hypertonia, cherry-red spot in maculae, optic nerve atrophy. There is a rapid decline and fatality by age 5 years. An adult form of this enzyme deficiency presents with ataxia. Associated complications: feeding abnormalities, aspiration. Tay Sachs is most common among the Ashkenazi Jewish population, followed by French Canadians in southeastern Quebec and Cajun populations in Louisiana. In the United States approximately 1/27 Ashkenazi Jews is a recessive carrier of Tay Sachs disease. Cause: deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A caused by mutation in the gene at chromosome 15q23--q24; autosomal recessive. TBI -- see traumatic brain injury. T-charts -- charts laid out in the form of a capital T, which allows teachers to track two aspects of a behavior together. TDD -- see teletypewriter. teachable moments -- Points of time when a child is highly motivated and better able to acquire a new skill or learn a new thing. teacher aide -- parent or full-time staff member who assists the teacher in a classroom. teacher assistance team -- see intervention assistance team. teacher-counselor parenting style -- parenting style in which parents are intensely focused on guiding their children's behavior. teacher guided instruction -- Person who teaches by demonstrating or lecturing. teacher-guided large group -- a teacher who demonstrates or lectures a group of more than 4 or 5. teacher-mediated -- Intervention directed by teachers to promote social interactions. teacher of children who are deaf and hearing impaired -- a teacher with special training in methods of working with children who are hearing impaired. teacher's stories -- the relating of classroom experiences to child development or professional practice principles; may be related orally or in written form. teaching objectives -- a set of goals teachers set for themselves as they plan activities for children; these goals remind teachers what they will do to help children learn. team -- two or more interdependent individuals with unique skills and perspectives who interact directly to achieve their mutual goals of providing students with effective educational programs and services. technologically dependent -- a disability category that includes people who require some technological assistance to breathe, to pass urine, or to meet other essential health needs while participating in home, school, or community activities. technology -- tools used to perform a task Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act (1988) -- federal act that provides funding and allows for technical assistance to people with disabilities as they select and use assistive technology. teenager -- a youth between 13 and 19 years old. (see cartoon-------------------------------------------->>) telangiectasia -- abnormal cluster of small blood vessels. telecanthus -- abnormally increased distance between the medial canthi (the angle formed by the meeting of the upper and lower eyelids at either side of the eye) of the eyelids. telecommunication devices -- devices that use sight and hearing to improve communication, such as captions. telecommunications -- according to Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, PL 101-336), all companies offering phone services to the general public must offer telephone relay services to individuals with hearing impairments. telecommuting -- working at home while in telecommunication contact -- by Internet, phone, or fax -- with the office. telegraphic speech -- early utterances that leave out most articles, prepositions, and conjunctions. telepathy -- Freud believed tentatively in the possibility of telepathy, linking it with the emergence of psychic material from the primary to the secondary process. teletypewriter (Telecommunications Device for the Deaf -- TDD) -- a device that enables those who are deaf to make and receive telephone calls by using typewritten messages (see illustration--------->>). telophase -- the final phase in cell division in which the daughter chromosomes are at the opposite poles of the cell and new nuclear membranes form. tempera -- powder paint that is mixed with water for use in painting activities. temperament -- The individual's psychological makeup or personality traits. temperamental tantrum -- anger response when some aspect of a child's style of interacting has been violated. (see illustration) temperature -- a measurement of body heat; varies with the time of day, activity, and method of measurement. temper tantrum -- an outburst of anger, rage, or irritability (see illustration------------------------------------>>) temporal -- having to do with time and time sequence; in the early childhood setting, refers to scheduling and how time is sequenced and spent, both at home and in school. temporal bone -- one of two bones situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temperal lobes of the cerebrum. It supports the part of the face known as the temple; see picture. temporal lobes -- located on the side of the cerebrum (in the middle of our upper brain, near our ears), it's an area believed to be responsible for hearing, senses, listening, language, learning, and memory storage. The other three major cerebrum areas are the frontal, occipital, and parietal lobes. (see illustration below temporal bone) Temporary Aid to Needy Families -- a welfare reform legislation passed in 1996. tender years doctrine -- the legal presumption under traditional divorce laws that young children would do better with their mother than with their father after a divorce. tendinitis -- a common sports injury that usually happens after overworking a muscle. The tendon and tendon sheath become inflamed, which causes pain. Resting the muscles and taking anti-inflammatory drugs can help. tendons -- tough, cord-like tissues that connect muscles to bones. tenesmus -- straining, especially long-continued, ineffectual and painful straining, at stool or urination. tennis elbow -- an inflammation, soreness, or pain on the outside of the upper arm near the elbow. It is due to injury from repeated motions of the wrist or forearm. ten thematic strands of social studies -- developed by the National Council for the Social Studies, these ten themes were developed to point to a fundamental knowledge of social studies for children, grades K -- 12. teratogen -- agents that cause malformations in a developing embryo; agents that cross the placental barrier and cause or increase the incidence of physical malformations and behavioral and cognitive deficits; any medication, chemical, infectious disease, or environmental agent that might interfere with the normal development of a fetus & result in the loss of a pregnancy, a birth defect, or a pregnancy complication. There are no absolute teratogens. terminal -- a progressive disease that is expected to cause death. term pregnancy -- gestational period of at least 38 weeks. tertiary -- third in order. tertiary circular reactions -- subtle modifications infants make in their behavior with objects so as to explore the effects of those modifications. tertiary prevention -- efforts directed at preventing or decreasing the recurrence of an event that has already occurred. tertiary services -- indirect services that benefit children and their families. test bias -- an unfairness of a testing procedure or test instrument, which gives one group a particular advantage or another a disadvantage as a consequence of factors unrelated to ability, such as culture, sex, or race. testes -- the male gonads (sex glands), which produce testosterone and manufacture sperm, also called testicles. (see illustration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->>) testicular feminization -- (complete androgen insensitivity syndrome) -- a genetic disorder in which a fetus that is a boy (XY) is unresponsive to androgens (male hormones). Instead they are born appearing female. Internally there is a short blind-pouch vagina, no fallopian tubes, ovaries, or uterus. There are testes in the inguinal canal. It is often detected at puberty when the girl should but does not begin to menstruate, has no pubic or axillary hair, have a luxuriant scalp without male-pattern balding. They are sterile, and are at high risk for osteoporosis. The mutated gene is on the X chromosome, X-linked recessive. There is also a partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, with the result being micropenis with hypospadias and gynectomastia. This is also due to mutations of the androgen receptor gene. testing -- a type of cohabiting relationship undertaken as a trial in a situation closely resembling marriage. testosterone -- a hormone produced in the testes, responsible for male sexual characteristics and sexual functioning. tests -- systematic procedures for observing a person's behavior and describing it with the aid of numerical scales or fixed categories. tetralogy of Fallot -- a complex congenital heart defect, consisting of four different abnormalities, including ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. It usually results in blood that is not sufficiently oxygenated being pumped into the body, causing cyanosis. (see illustration----------------------------------------------------------->>) tetraplegia -- paralysis involving both arms, both legs, the trunk of the body, and the neck; also called quadriplegia. (also spina bifida is a useful link here) tetraploid -- having four copies of each chromosome (i.e., 92 chromosomes). This is incompatible with life. tetrasomy X -- see XXX, XXXX, and XXXXX syndromes. text telephone (TT) -- telephones that send, receive, and print messages through thousands of stations across the United States. thalamus -- located deep within the middle of the brain, it is a key sensory relay station. It is also part of the body's reward system. (see illustration------------------------------------------------------->>) thalassemia -- a severe kind of anemia in which red blood cells are destroyed and iron is deposited in the skin and vital organs. thalidomide -- a sedative widely available in Europe, Canada, and South America in the early 1960s. When taken by women between the fourth and sixth weeks after conception, it produced gross deformities of the embryo's arms, legs, and ears. (see illustration of children) (Fetal) thalidomide syndrome -- phocomelia (shortened limbs). Caused by maternal ingestion of thalidomide during sensitive period of embryonic development in the first trimester of pregnancy. Thalidomide is no longer available for use by pregnant women. Associated complications are deafness, blindness, congenital defects of heart, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive organs; usually normal intelligence (see picture of children affected by thalidomide prenatally). thanatos -- Freud: the mythic name that Freud's students gave to the death drive he postulated in 1920 in Beyond the Pleasure Principle. This drive represents the organic needs to return to lifelessness and stasis, the ultimate calm of lifeless non-conflict. Freud traced all aggressive and destructive activity to this notion, which impressed him deeply after the outbreak of World War II and the death of his sister Sophie. That portion of the drive which is turned outward benefits the organism which would otherwise turn it against itself. However, Freud did concede that destructiveness also affords the ego satisfaction of its old narcissistic need for omnipotence. thelarche -- the beginning of breast development at puberty. theory -- a group of general principles, ideas, or proposed explanations for explaining some kind of phenomenon; in this case, child development. theory of mind -- the understanding of inner mental events -- that people think, imagine, pretend, and wonder about the world around them. theory of multiple intelligences -- Gardner's theory, which proposes at least nine independent intelligences on the basis of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities. therapeutic -- related to treatment of a disease or disability. therapeutic feeding -- a feeding intervention that consists of rubbing or stroking to decrease hypersensitivity around the mouth and stretching to develop oral-motor tone. therapeutic play -- using typical play activities as therapy time. theraplay -- an intensive, short-term treatment based on interactions modeled by the theraplay interventionist, which is modeled on naturally occurring healthy parent-child relationship activities. there, their, they're -- there is a place; their means belonging to them; they're is a contraction for they are. thermic energy of foods -- energy required to digest, absorb, transport, and metabolize nutrients in food. thiamine -- also known as Vitamin B1; helps convert carbohydrates into energy. It is essential for the functioning of the heart, muscles, and nervous system. thimerosol -- a mercury-containing organic compound that was used as a preservative in vaccines. Thimerosol has been the suspected cause of autism and subsequently, caused public fear of vaccinations for young children. thinking brain -- the part of the brain that thinks logically. It reacts after the emotional brain. third level of inclusion -- this level of inclusion is the third most inclusive. Fewer children are in this level than are in levels one and two. In this level, the child is placed in the general education classroom for most of the day but attends special education resource room or specialized services in area of need. third party custody -- custody arrangement whereby the children live with someone other than a parent. Thomas theorem -- Statement by William I. Thomas, a sociologist who represented the symbolic interaction perspective: "If people define a situation as real, they are real in their consequences." thoracic -- relating to the thorax (chest). The thorax runs between the abdomen and neck and is encased in the ribs. threatening situation -- Rogers: a situation when there is an incongruity between your image of yourself and your immediate experience of yourself (i.e., between the ideal self and the real self). three-dimensional art -- refers to any art form that has at least three sides. Art that is "in the round," which means that one can look at it from many sides (see picture). three year reevaluation -- tri-annual process of reassessing the needs of a student with a disability; carried out by a multidisciplinary team. threshold -- The physical or psychological point at which an individual begins to respond to certain kinds of stimulation. thrombocytes -- see platelets thrombocytopenia – abnormal bleeding causing a reduction of platelets; the most common cause of bleeding disorders. Bleeding is usually from small capillaries. Treatment requires a specific diagnosis of the cause. All drugs are stopped because nearly any drug can cause the condition. Adrenal corticosteroids and transfusion may be necessary. thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome (TAR syndrome) -- radial aplasia (absence of one of the lower arm bones) with normal thumbs, thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiency) is present in all cases and symptomatic in 90% of cases; 50% of patients have dysmorphic features including micrognathia (small jaw) and low posteriorly rooted ears. Associated complications:knee joint abnormalities, neonatal foot swelling, occasional congenital heart or renal defect, gastrointestinal bleeding, and occasional intracerebral bleeding. Unknown cause, autosomal recessive, but possible autosomal dominant. thrombocytopenic purpura (ideopathic) -- a bleeding condition in which the blood doesn't clot as it should. This is due to a low number of cell fragments called platelets. The cause is unknown. A person with thrombocytopenic purpura often have purple bruises on the skin or mucous membrane, which means that bleeding has occurred in the small blood vessels under the skin. Also there may be tiny red or purple dots called petechiae (see picture). Other symptoms are nosebleeds, gum bleeding, or other bleeding that is hard to stop; heavy menstrual flow, hematoma. It is considered an autoimmune disease. thrombophilia -- a genetic tendency for one's blood to clot more than normal (thrombus formation). thrombosis -- a blood clot inside a blood vessel which obstructs the flow of blood. thrush -- monilial (fungal) yeast infection of the oral cavity in infants (see illustration). thymic – pertaining to the thymus gland, which is the primary central gland of the lymphatic system. (see illustration-------------------------------------->>) thymine -- one of the four nucleotides (chemicals) that comprise DNA. thymus gland -- the primary central gland of the lymphatic system. The thymus processes a type of white blood cell known as a T-lymphocyte, which governs cellular immunity (help cells recognize and destroy invading bacteria, virus, etc., abnormal cell growth such as cancer, and foreign tissue. (see picture) thyroid gland -- an important organ of the endocrine system that helps control metabolism. (see illustration) thyroid disease -- a medical condition impairing the function of the thyroid, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, goiter, etc. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, which is necessary for normal brain development and body growth. thyrotoxicosis -- a form of hyperthyroidism leading to severe symptoms. thyroxine -- the main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; see picture. tibia -- a long bone in the shin (see illustration) tics -- purposeless and irregular behavior such as motor movement or vocalizations with unpredictable onset. Movements or vocalizations are involuntary, rapid, or recurrent over time. They may take the form of eye blinking, facial gestures, sniffing, snorting, repeating certain words or phrases, or grunting. Stress often exacerbates the nature and frequency of tics. Tic disorders are classified as follows: 1) transient tic disorders which consist of multiple motor and/or phonic tics with a duration of at least 4 weeks but less than 12 months; 2) chronic tic disorders which are either single or multiple motor or phonic tics, but not both, which are present for more than a year; 3) Tourette disorder which is diagnosed when both motor and phonic tics are present for more than a year; and 4) tic disorder NOS which is diagnosed when tics are present but do not meet the criteria for any specific tic disorder. Tic disorders are complications of autism: up to 9% of children with autism have them. timed toileting -- a method of toilet training in which the child is placed on a toilet at times he or she would usually eliminate. time frames -- the schedule of events, or "calendar" leading up to and through the child's transition into a new program. time out -- removing a child from the immediate setting until they are ready to act appropriately; a procedure whereby the possibility of positive reinforcement is withdrawn for a predetermined brief amount of time following the occurrence of a targeted challenging behavior; an extreme form of withdrawing reinforcement. time sample -- method of recording where children are by choice at a certain time, measuring attention span and interests. tinnitus -- high-pitched throbbing or ringing sounds in the ear, associated with disease of the inner ear. TLR -- see tonic labyrinthine reflex. to, too, two -- to indicates movement, direction, vicinity, extent, purpose, a position in time, etc.; too means also; two is a number before three and after one. toast -- an African American genre of oral narrative poetry consisting of rhymed couplets, often with four stresses to a line. It was popular from the early 20th century through the 1970s, when it gave way to rap. The subject of toasts were usually humorously exaggerated tricksters and "bad men." The latter represented the resistance of African Americans against the economic and social inequities of the pre-Civil Rights era. tobacco and nicotine -- smoking can have a teratogenic effect on a fetus like this: Smoking constricts blood vessels, lessens blood flow to the uterus, and causes the placenta to grow abnormally. This reduces the transfer of nutrients, so that the fetus gains weight poorly. Also, smoking raises the concentration of carbon monoxide in the bloodstreams of both mother and fetus. Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen from red blood cells, damaging the central nervous system and slowing body growth in the fetus. The most common result of maternal smoking is low birth weight but the likelihood of other serious consequences, such as miscarriage, prematurity, impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, and cancer in later childhood is also increased. tocolysis -- use of medications to stop premature labor. tocolytic agents -- medications used to stop premature labor. The most common example is ritodrine. toddler -- a child one to three years old (see picture---------------------------------------------->>). toe walking -- a common gait disturbance of cerebral palsy which results from tightness of the calf muscle and Achilles tendon and increased extensor tone in the legs, resulting in the child walking on toes. toilet training -- the best time to start is when the baby is interested. token reinforcement system -- a system in which students, by exhibiting positive behavior changes, may earn plastic chips, marbles, or other tangible items that they can exchange for activities, food items, special privileges, or other rewards. tongue-tied -- see ankyloglossia -- the skin under the tongue (lingual frenulum) is shorter and wider than normal and restricts distinct sounds to be made. In infants, this may result in potential feeding problems. tonic bite reflex -- an abnormal jaw pattern -- jaw closure accomplished by forceful, sustained upward movement of the mandible, occurring following stimulation of the guns. It is accompanied by increased abnormal tone in the jaw muscles, and is difficult to release. Damage to the teeth may occur. tonic-clonic seizures -- spasmodic alteration of muscle contraction and relaxation; seizures in which the entire brain is affected. These seizures are characterized by stiffening of the body, followed by a phase of rapid muscle contraction (extreme shaking). Also called a "grand mal" seizure. tonic labrynthine reflex (TLR) - primitive reflex in which the infant retracts the arms and extends the legs when the neck is tilted backwards, stimulating the labyrinth. tonic neck reflex -- appears when the infant, lying on the back, turns the head to one side or if the head is passively rotated to one side. The infant tends to assume a "fencing" position - with his face toward the extended arm, while the other arm flexes at the elbow. The lower limbs respond in a similar manner. This reflex generally disappears by 4 to 9 months (see illustration). tonic phase -- the phase of a seizure in which the entire body becomes rigid and stiff. tonometer -- an instrument for measuring intraocular pressure and detecting glaucoma. tonotopically -- arranged spatially by tone as found in the cochlea or inner ear. tooth bud -- see dental organ. tooth enamel -- the outer layer of the exposed tooth. It is a hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance that envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the teeth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is composed almost entirely of calcium salts. It has the highest concentration of mineral in the body at ~ 90%. top down method of physical therapy -- a method of physical therapy focusing on teaching everyday skills a child will need as an adult. topographical -- Freud's division of psyche into three layers: the preconscious, the unconscious, and the conscious. topographical classification system -- correlates the specific body location of the movement impairment with the location of the brain damage. torsion dystonia (Dystonia musculorum deformans) -- progressive involuntary movement disorder, normal intelligence. Inheritance is autosomal dominant or recessive. More common in Ashkenazic populations. Associated complications are contractures in affected limbs, normal intelligence, progressive motor abnormalities. Incidence: 1/20,000 in Ashkenazic population, recurrence risk for offspring of patients with AD form, 50%; to siblings of patients with AR form, 25%. torticollis -- wry neck in which the neck is painfully tilted to one side; a form of dystonia. total communication -- An approach to education for students who are deaf that combines oral speech, sign language, and fingerspelling. total fertility rate -- a statistic that is used to predict the number of births each woman in the population would have if the current fertility rates continued. totally blind -- receiving no meaningful input through the visual sense. total marriage -- marriage in which the partners are intensely bound together psychologically and participate in each other's lives in all, not just some, areas and have very few areas of tension or conflict. totem -- Freud: a common ancestor of a clan. Symbolized most often by an animal, it symbolizes the clan's guardian spirit or helper. Psychologically, the totem is a stand-in for the father. totemism -- Freud: the earliest form of religion, intended to forbid incestuous desires felt by family members toward one another. Freud regarded it as the basis of all other social obligations and norms. Touchpoints model -- model developed by T. Berry Brazelton to support families at key points of disruption during their child's development. touch-sensory problems -- sensory problems associated with autism: an early sign of autism is screaming when touched. Light touch may be painful, may cause anxiety; clothing can be torturous; deep pressure, however, seems to be tolerated very well; self-stimulating behaviors seem to relieve the stress involved with these sensory problems. tourist approach -- a curriculum theme or experience that provides only a superficial look at a culture through differences rather than similarities; teaching about cultures only through artifacts such as food, traditional clothing, and household implements. Tourette syndrome -- a condition characterized by motor or verbal tics that cause the person to make repetitive movements, emit strange involuntary sounds, or say words or phrases that are inappropriate for the context. tourniquet -- a device (like a band of rubber) that checks bleeding or blood flow by compressing blood vessels. toxemia -- Presence of toxic substances in the body; generally refers to a disorder of late pregnancy. Sometimes called eclampsia or preeclampsia, the mother's blood pressure increases sharply and her face, hands, and feet swell. If untreated, it can cause seizures in the mother and fetal death; see preeclampsia. toxicity -- a state of being poisonous. toxic substances -- foreign substances that can be harmful or destructive to the body (e.g., alcohol, nicotine, narcotics). toxin -- a poison. toxoplasma gondii -- microorganism causing toxoplasmosis. toxoplasmosis -- an infectious disease caused by a parasite found in many animals. It may be asymptomatic in adults, but can lead to severe fetal malformations; teratogen; a cause of deaf-blindness. trabeculotomy -- a microsurgical ophthalmologic operation to relieve glaucoma. trachea -- windpipe (see illustration-------------------------------------------------------->>). tracheal cartilage -- any of the incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage forming the wall of the trachea. Also called tracheal ring. tracheoesophageal fistula -- a congenital connection between the trachea and esophagus leading to aspiration of food and requiring surgical correction. tracheomalacia -- softening of the cartilage of the trachea. tracheostomy -- a surgical creation of an opening into the trachea (windpipe) to permit insertion of a tube to facilitate mechanical ventilation; the tube itself. trachoma -- a slowly progressing, infectious bacterial disease associated with poor living conditions and inadequate hygiene; the most common cause of preventable blindness; parasitic infection of the eye that causes blindness in children. This is only seen in developing countries; a cause of deaf-blindness. tracking -- ability to follow moving objects with the eyes in several different directions (vertically and horizontally). traditional classroom -- an elementary school classroom based on the educational philosophy that children are passive learners who acquire information presented by teachers. Children's progress is evaluated on the basis of how well they keep up with a uniform set of standards for all students in their grade. The teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision-making and does most of the talking. Students are passive, listening, responding when called on, and completing teacher assigned tasks. Progress is measured by a uniform set of standards. traditional couple -- a type of premarital and marital couple characterized by some external strengths (such as religion and friends) but fewer internal strengths (such as communication and conflict-resolution skills). traditional family -- family in which the man's role is primarily husband, father, and income earner; and the woman's role is wife, mother, and homemaker. traditional literature -- literature that has been handed down from generation to generation. Most traditional literature is oral, but some literature, such as a culture's great epics, might be written. traditional marriage -- marriage in which the husband is the income earner, and the wife takes care of the house and the children; one of the four types of "good marriage" described by Judith Wallerstein and Sandra Blakeslee in 1995. traditional nursery school -- the core of early childhood educational theory and practice; program designed for children aged two- and-a-half to five years of age, which may be a part- or all-day program. trailing -- a traveling technique used by students who are deaf blind, aids in orientation in a particular area: the student extends his/her arm at about 45 degrees, holding the arm to the side and slightly in front of the body while maintaining contact with a surface, such as a wall. trainable -- in referring to mental retardation, generally considered to be between 40 and 55 IQ. Learning is primarily in the area of self-care skills; some achievement in functional abilities. A range of more extensive support may be needed to help the student adapt to community environments. Opportunities for paid work include supported employment in a community job. transactional learning -- interactions between a child and the environment that facilitates new learning transactional model -- a model of education that describes the interaction of an individual with one or more persons, especially as influenced by their assumed roles. This model implies that the role of parent, child, or teacher has an effect on what and how information is taught and learned. transactional perspective -- the view that development occurs as the result of the interplay between the diverse qualities that individuals bring to their environments and the diverse environments that individuals experience. transactional relationships -- The understanding that children and adults influence each other in their ongoing relationships and that both child and adult learn from these interactions; future interactions are influenced by earlier interactions. transcortical motor aphasia -- the ability to repeat words, name objects, and understand speech are preserved, but an inability to speak spontaneously. transcription -- the process in which mRNA is formed from a DNA template. transcurricular -- able to be used or applied in a variety of situations or activities. transdisciplinary -- A team whose members plan and provide services within and across discipline boundaries to provide integrated services; a type of teaming model utilized in delivering services to young children with special needs. Building on an interdisciplinary model, this approach also includes sharing of rules and interventions delivered by a primary service provider. Support and consultation from other team members is important. Professionals from various disciplines come together to develop an instructional program that views the student from an holistic perspective. All members of the team work together to integrate instructional strategies and therapy concurrently within the classroom, and to evaluate the effectiveness of their individual roles in meeting the needs of each student. Also called transdisciplinary team or transdisciplinary teaming. transdisciplinary assessment -- type of assessment in which appropriate specialists and classroom personnel work together in regular classroom activities to conduct a child assessment. transductive reasoning -- the inference that if two particular examples or events occur together, they must be causally related. trans fats -- unsaturated fats that have been converted to a solid by a process of hydrogenation. transfer -- how a person is physically moved from one position to another. transfer DNA -- the form of RNA that attaches the correct amino acid to the protein chain being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell. transference -- Freud: a type of projection in which early parental conflicts are reexperienced with the therapist, whose job is to interpret them back to the patient. Freud first saw transference as a hindrance because it distorted the relationship between patient and therapist; later, he argued that a positive transference onto the analyst could help the psychoanalysis progress. He distinguished three kinds: negative, erotic, and sensible. transfer skills -- the ability to generalize previously learned skills to an unfamiliar setting or new classroom. transgender -- an individual who believes that he or she is a victim of a biologic accident that occurred before birth and has been living within a body incompatible with his or her real gender identity. A majority of transgender persons are biologic males who identify themselves as female, usually early in childhood. transgenderist -- a person with the biological sex of one gender who has the identity of the other gender and lives the full-time life of that gender, but doesn't undergo medical procedures to change to that gender. transient behavioral disabilities -- social-emotional disturbances that come and go. transient situational disorders -- psychiatric disturbances linked to environmental events. An example is posttraumatic stress disorder that is precipitated by an unanticipated, psychologically devastating event, such as a physical attack and/or sexual abuse, a car accident, or the sudden loss of a close family member. transient tic disorder -- a temporary condition that causes single or multiple motor tics, which are brief, repetitive, difficult-to-control movements or noises (vocalizations). In order to be diagnosed with transient tic disorder, a person must have had tics almost every day for at least 4 weeks, but less than one year. transition -- a period when a person makes a change from one setting to another. Going to a new placement can be traumatic and should be carefully planned, coordinated, and monitored. Transition for young children with disabilities occurs for infants and toddlers at age 3 and for preschoolers at age 5 or 6. A coordinated set of activities for children with disabilities that are designed to facilitate the move from school to employment, further education, vocational training, independent living, and community placement. transition -- climax of the first stage of labor, in which the frequency and strength of contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely. transitional (fetal) circulation -- circulatory changes occurring at birth in the lungs and around the heart, resulting from pulmonary vasodilation and closure of the ductus arteriosis and the foramen ovale (the two fetal by-passes around the lungs during fetal life). transition coordinator -- the primary contact person whom parents and service providers can contact during transition for specific information regarding a particular child. transition planning -- a statement of the process to help a child move from one type of program to another. transition services -- PL 108-446 -- services designed to promote movement from school to postschool activities based on the student's needs and taking into account preferences and interests. Adds that services must be focused on improving academic and functional achievement, and that the student's strengths must also be taken into account. The goal is to further education, vocational training, independent living, and community participation. transition stage of grief -- the period during which the bereaved's grief lessens and he or she begins to recognize that a new life is possible; the second of Brubaker's three stages of the grieving process. transition to parenthood -- the personal and relational changes that parents experience with the birth of the first child. transitive inference -- the ability to seriate -- to order items along a quantitative dimension -- mentally; Piaget. translation -- the process in which an amino acid sequence is assembled according to the pattern specified by mRNA. translocation - the transfer of a fragment of one of the chromosome to another chromosome. translocation Down Syndrome -- can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. transmission model -- a model of education describing the transference of information directly from one person to another, such as in the sense of passing on knowledge directly from teacher to child. transnational marriages -- marriages in which one partner is in the US and the other -- and perhaps the children -- are in another country. transpersonal psychologies -- Maslow: humanistic psychology which studies experiences when an individual sees beyond what the conditioned ego, and defines a deeper and more enduring sense of self. Sympathy, empathy, altruism, compassion, unselfishness, and unconditional love are all part of transpersonal psychology, as are experiences and beliefs which lead us to see a higher reality, whether thought of impersonally or assigned to a deity. transplacental -- substance that crosses from maternal to fetal bloodstreams, or vice versa, via the placenta. transportation -- according to Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA; PL 101-336), all new public transit buses, train and bus stations, and rail systems must be accessible to people with disabilities. transposons -- a segment of DNA that is capable of independently replicating itself and inserting the copy into a new position within the same or another chromosome or plasmid. This alters the genetic constitution of the organism. Transposons act somewhat similarly to viruses and in humans are an underlying cause of hemophilia, certain cancers, and other diseases. Transposons can also be beneficial,. transracial adoption -- adoption of a child of one race or ethnic group by adoptive parents who are of another race or ethnic group. transsexual -- a person with the biological sex of one gender who has the identity or self-concept of the other gender and who undergoes medical procedures to change to that gender. transverse presentation -- fetal position in which the baby is lying sideways. transvestite -- a cross-dresser, usually a male, who dresses provocatively to appeal to men. trapezoid philtrum -- a philtrum that is trapezoidal in shape; part of the Kabuki syndrome. trauma -- a deeply distressing or disturbing experience. Trauma can be a cause of hearing loss: blows to the head resulting in trauma to the cochlea can lead to a sudden unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Traumatically loud sounds can also cause this (such as firecrackers, fireworks, cap pistols, gunfire). Over time, exposure to such sounds can cause permanent hearing loss. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) -- Acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability of psychosocial impairment; direct injuries to the brain, such as tearing of nerve fibers, bruising of the brain tissue against the skull, brain stem trauma, and swelling. This category was added to IDEA in 1990, PL 101-476. traumatic neurosis -- Freud: those caused by situations of unusually high stress. They are the sole possible exception to the rule of neuroses being caused by unresolved Oedipal conflicts. Treacher Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis) -- characteristic facial appearance with malformation of the external ear, flattened area near cheekbones, absence of lower eyelashes, cleft palate, small mandible, conductive or mixed hearing loss, defects in middle and inner ear, respiratory and feeding problems, apnea, intelligence is normal in 95% of the cases. Cause: mutations in TCOFI gene on chromosome 5q32--q33, autosomal dominant. Treatment includes surgical repair of most malformations; a cause of deaf-blindness. (see illustration----------------->>) tremor -- a trembling motion. Treponema pallium -- microorganism causing syphilis. trial and error -- see discovery learning. trial marriage -- see premarital cohabitation. Triangular theory -- a theory of the origin of love that emphasizes three important elements of love, which interact with one another; intimacy, passion, and decision/ commitment. Developed by Robert Sternberg (see illustration). triangulation -- as used in assessment, a term that refers to merging information from several sources and several techniques to reach a conclusion, rather than relying on one direct measure. triarchic theory of successful intelligence -- Sternberg's theory, which identifies three broad interacting intelligences: 1) analytic intelligence (information-processing skills); 2) creative intelligence (capacity to solve problems); and 3) practical intelligence (see illustration below triangulation). trichomoniasis -- a common sexually transmitted disease that affects both men and women, but the symptoms are more common in women. It is the most common curable STD in young, sexually active women. trickster archetype -- Jung: a very important character in the history of man. He is a God, and he is not. He is a wise-fool. It is he, through his creations, that destroys, points out the flaw in carefully constructed societies of man, rebels against authority, pokes fun at the overly serious, creates convoluted schemes that may or may not work, etc. He appears when an outmoded way of thinking needs to be torn down and built anew. In dreams, he may appear as a fool, clown, magician, jester, villain, or destroyer. trickster tales -- stories about stock characters who use their wits rather than brawn to gain their ends or get out of trouble. trigeminal neuralgia -- a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain. Mild stimulation of the face may trigger a jolt of excruciating pain. triglycerides -- the chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. They are present in blood plasma, and in association with cholesterol, form the plasma lipids. Excess triglycerides in plasma is called hypertriglyceridemia. Normal level in the plasma is less than 150 mg/dL. Very high is 500 mg/dL or higher. trimesters -- three equal time periods in prenatal development, each of which lasts 3 months. trimethylaminuria -- see fish odor syndrome. triplegia -- cerebral palsy affecting three extremities of the body. triplet repeat expansion -- abnormal number of copies of identical triplet nucleotides (as occurs in Fragile X syndrome). triploid -- having three copies of each chromosome (i.e., 69 chromosomes), which is generally incompatible with life. trisomy -- a condition in which there are three copies of one chromosome on a chromosome pair rather than the traditional two. Trisomy 13 -- Microphthalmia, coloboma, corneal opacity, cleft lip and palate, polydactyly, scalp defects, dysmorphic features, low-set ears, hypertelorism, flexion deformity of fingers, microcephaly, brain malformations, congenital heart defects, eye abnormalities, kidney and gastrointestinal tract malformations, sensorineural hearing loss, profound mental retardation, cerebral palsy. Caused by a nondisjunction resulting in extra #13 chromosome, rarely parental translocation. Sporadic inheritance; a cause of deaf-blindness. Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)-- Small for gestational age, low-set ears, clenched hands with overriding fingers, congenital heart defects, prenatal onset of growth retardation, microphthalmia, coloboma, corneal opacity, 30% die within first month of life, 50% by second month and only 10% survive the first year. Associated complications: feeding problems, aspiration, conductive hearing loss, profound mental retardation. Caused by a nondisjunction resulting in trisomy for chromosome # 18. Sporadic inheritance; a cause of deaf-blindness. Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) -- Type of Down Syndrome in which the chromosomal pairs do not separate properly during the formation of sperm or egg cells, resulting in an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; also called nondisjunction. Trisomy 22 -- sporadic Trisomy X -- see XXX, XXXX, and XXXXX syndromes. trophoblast -- the thin outer ring of cells in the blastocyst, which will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment to the new organism. (see illustration---->) Troyer syndrome -- see spastic paraplegia. trust -- the defining feature of friendships during middle childhood. trust vs. mistrust -- the first of Erikson's stages of development, the primary focus of which is whether the child's basic needs are met in a sensitive, predictable way. TTY -- see teletypewriter. tubal ligation or sterilization -- a female sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are interrupted surgically -- cut and tied or blocked. This prevents passage of the eggs to the uterus. (see illustration) tuberculosis -- a bacterial infection, passed through the air, and usually involves the lungs, though other organs can be involved also. It is caused by the TB bacterium, M tuberculosis; a cause of deaf-blindness. tuberous sclerosis -- hypopigmented areas on skin, adenoma sebaccum (acne-like facial lesions), infantile spasms, iris depigmentation, retinal deposits in brain, benign tumor of the kidneys, pulmonary lesions, seizures, mild to moderate mental retardation, tumors of the heart, increased risk of malignancy, hypoplastic tooth enamel and dental pits, renal (kidney) cysts, hypertension. Cause: mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes on chromosome 16p13 and 9q24, respectively; autosomal dominant. Although only 1% to 4% of people with autism have tuberous sclerosis, almost all children who have tuberous sclerosis have symptoms of autism. tubers -- benign congenital tumors found in the brain of an individual with tuberous sclerosis. tubule -- a very small tube. tumor -- an abnormal growth of body tissue. They can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). A tumor is also called a neoplasm. tunnel vision -- a field of vision that is 20% or less at its widest angle. Turner syndrome (XO syndrome; 45,X; monosomy X) -- affecting females only, the physical features include short stature, broad chest with widely spaced nipples, short neck with low hairline and extra skin at nape ("webbed" appearance), "puffy" hands and feet, "streak" ovaries causing infertility and delayed puberty, congenital heart defect (often coarction of aorta), small ear canals, eye involvement (strabismus, ptosis, nystagmus, cataracts), chronic otitis media in 90% with frequent hearing loss, hypothyroidism, renal disease, intelligence is usually normal, but prevalence of learning disabilities is high. Cause: nondisjunction chromosome abnormality resulting in one X only; new mutation. twinning -- the production of twins (see illustration). two-dimensional media -- a term used to refer to any art form that is flat, having only two sides -- front and back. two-person single career -- traditional family form in which the husband works outside the home and the wife -- even if she is also employed -- helps the husband's career by being responsible for domestic tasks and child-rearing. two-way communication -- communication designed to elicit dialogue between home and school. two-way journal-- A notebook for questions or observations on a particular day that is passed back and forth between parents, teachers, and other team members on a regular basis. tympanic -- referring to the ear canal. tympanic membrane -- the eardrum. It separates the outer from the middle ear. tympanography -- a test that measures the functioning of the middle ear and the movement of the eardrum. tympanometry -- the measurement of flexibility of the tympanic membrane as an indicator of a middle-ear infection or fluid of the middle ear. tympanostomy tubes -- a small tube inserted into the eardrum to prevent the accumulation of mucus in the middle ear. type 1 diabetes -- a disease distinguished by a lack of insulin production; usually diagnosed in childhood or young adulthood. type 2 diabetes -- an insensitivity to insulin causing an imbalance in how the body handles sugar consumption. typology -- a set of types used to differentiate between or among persons, processes, or objects in order to facilitate scientific study. tyrosine -- an amino acid. |
| This is Amie Osborne, who has Treacher Collins Syndrome. Go to her website !! It is wonderful. |
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