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| jamais vu -- from the French for "never seen," jamais vu is used to describe any familiar situation that is not recognized by the observer. It involves a sense of eeriness and the observer's impression of seeing the situation for the first time, despite rationally knowing that the situation has happened before. jargon -- specialized vocabulary of a group. jaundice -- yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bilirubin. This is often found in liver disease and Rh incompatibility, also called icterus. perinatal; can cause deaf-blindness. (see picture) jaw retraction -- the jaw is pulled back, preventing the alignment of the upper and lower teeth during eating. jaw thrust -- a strong protrusion of the lower jaw. jealousy -- a usually intolerant or even hostile response to a real or imagined threat to a love relationship. jejunostomy tube (J tube) -- a tube placed through the skin of the abdomen and directly into the jejunum to provide nutrition. jejunum -- second portion of small intestine (---------------------------------------------------------------------->). Jinn -- plural of jinni or dijinni. In Islamic belief jinn are spirits that can take human or animal form and can be good or evil. Good jinn accept the teachings of Mohammed. job burnout -- exhaustion and stress from one's job, characterized by wearing down of body and attitude. job coach -- professional who helps individuals with disabilities to learn behaviors for succeeding in the workplace. job sharing -- the sharing of one full-time job by two co-workers. joint attention -- a state in which the child and the caregiver attend to the same object or event and the caregiver offers verbal information. Supports language development. joint biological-stepfamily -- family in which at least one child is the biological child of both parents, and at least one child is the biological child of one and the step child of the other. joint custody -- situation in which the children divide their time between the two parents. joint legal custody -- joint custody arrangement whereby the children live with one parent, but both parents share decisions about their children's upbringing. joint physical custody -- joint custody arrangement whereby the children live with both parents, dividing their time on a more or less equal basis between the separate households. joint ranges -- degree of flexibility in the joints. joints -- where two bones meet. They make the skeleton flexible -- without them, movement would be impossible. They are filled with a flexible rubbery substance called cartilage which protects the two bones when they rub against each other. There are three kinds of joints: hinge joint, pivot joint, and ball and socket joint. Jotunheim -- land of the giants. Jotun are giants (----------------------------------------------------------------->). Joubert syndrome -- structural cerebellar abnormalities, abnormal eye movements, retinal dysplasia or coloboma, episodic hyperventilation, characteristic facial appearance (large head, prominent forehead, ptosis, epicanthal folds, upturned nose, tongue protrusion), hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, encephalocele (hernia of part of the brain and meninges through a skull defect), kidney cysts, microcephaly, abnormalities of the tongue, hypotonia, developmental delay, mental retardation and behavioral problems. Age at diagnosis ranges from the neonatal period through the first decade of life. Caused by a gene linked to 9q34.3 in some families; additional genes and chromosomal regions yet to be identified; autosomal recessive. J tube -- see jejunostomy tube. judgement based assessment -- the use of clinical judgments from multiple sources to collect assessment information about children. judicial hearing -- a hearing before a judge in a courtroom. judicious -- wise; directed by sound judgment. jumping to conclusions -- also known as hasty generalizations, fallacy whereby a conclusion has been reached when not all the facts are available. jump tales -- suspenseful, scary stories whose sudden endings make listeners jump. just community schools -- schools in which students participate in a democratic community and decisions are made through consensus rather than by majority rule. juvenile -- an individual who is not yet an adult in the eyes of the law. juvenile diabetes -- metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly break down sugars and store them. Also called Type I diabetes. juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis -- see Batten disease. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) -- Type of arthritis diagnosed in children; symptoms include redness, swelling, soreness in one joint or several joints that lasts for more than six weeks. juxtaposition -- color pigments placed side by side in small repeated strokes are altered by our vision to appear to combine, thus forming a different hue. |
| "What does a woman want?" --Sigmund Freud |
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| Kabuki syndrome -- microcephaly, trapezoid philtrum, prominent posteriorly rotated ears, preauricular pit (small hole/indention on the ear), long palpebral fissures, thick eyelashes, ptosis, sparse broad arched eyebrows, congenital heart defect, hirsutism (excessive hair), cafe au lait spots, cryptorchidism, small penis, hypotonia, joint hyperextensibility, cleft palate, recurrent ear infections, hearing loss, aspiration pneumonia, feeding difficulties, malabsorption, anal stenosis, imperforate anus, scoliosis, congenital hip dislocation, increased susceptibility to infections, seizures, mental retardation, premature thearche (breast development), hemolytic anemia, congenital hypothyroidism. Unknown cause, new mutation with autosomal dominant inheritance when passed on from an affected individual. Kallmann syndrome -- (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) absent or decreased function of the male testes or the female ovaries. It is considered a form of secondary hypogonadism, which means the condition is due to a problem with the pituitary or hypothalamus gland. Symptoms are absence of secondary sexual characteristics such as pubic, facial, and underarm hair; inability to smell; lack of puberty or delay; undeveloped testicles; short stature. It is caused by the lack of the gonadal stimulating pituitary hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Mutations in the KAL1 (X chromosome), FGFR1 (chromosome 8), PROKR2 (chromosome 20), and PROK2 (chromosome 3) genes cause Kallman syndrome. Type 1 of Kallman syndrome (KAL1) is X-linked recessive. Other forms are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern; although sometimes it has shown an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP) -- an innovative educational program for academically at-risk elementary school children based on Vygotsky's theory that has as its overarching theme "assisted performance." Assumes that just as children require scaffolded support, teachers teach best when their performance is assisted by members of the educational system. karma -- in Hinduism and Buddhism, the total effect of an individual's actions (good and bad) over multiple reincarnations. Happy and unhappy lives and rebirth as lower or higher animals (in Hinduism this includes changes in casts) are manifestations individual Karma. (see poster) karyotype -- a photograph of chromosomes, used by geneticists to align each chromosome with the other member of its pair. (see karyotype) karyotyping -- photographing the chromosomal makeup of a cell. In a human, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a normal karyotype. Kayser-Fleischer ring -- a ring of golden-brown or brownish-green pigment behind the limbic border of the cornea, due to a deposition of copper. See Wilson's Disease Kearns-Sayre syndrome -- one of the mitochondrial disorders; short stature, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, cardiomyopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, visual impairment, hearing loss, myopathy, ataxia, endocrine abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, dementia; caused by rearrangements in mtDNA; inheritance is maternal, through mtDNA. Kennedy's disease -- an inherited motor neuron disease that affects males -- one of the spinal muscular atrophy disorders. Onset of the disease is usually between the ages of 20 to 40. Early symptoms include tremor of the outstretched hands, muscle cramps with exertion, and fasciculations (fleeting muscle twitches visible under the skin). kernicterus -- mental retardation, choreoathetoid cerebral palsy, staining of secondary teeth, upward gaze paralysis, high-frequency hearing loss; also can be spastic quadriplegia, deafness, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment. Caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in infant's blood that pass to the central nervous system; underlying problem is usually Rh incompatibility. Measurement of the bilirubin in amniotic fluid is used to diagnose prenatally. Incidence: since the initiation of RhoGAM therapy and medical management of hyperbilirubinemia, extremely low; recurrence risk depends on cause and management. ketogenic diet -- special diet high in fat used to promote the use of ketones as an energy source. ketones -- the end-product of rapid or excessive fatty-acid breakdown. ketosis -- the buildup of acid in the body, most often associated with starvation, inborn errors of metabolism, and diabetes. Ketotic hyperglycinemia -- see Methylmalonic aciduria, propionic acidemia key concepts -- specialized terms that contribute to a theory's unique vocabulary. keyword strategies -- strategies that teach students to link a keyword to a new word or concept to help them remember the new concepts. khasegarien -- an Iranian business meeting in which a potential marriage is discussed. kidney -- 2 bean shaped organs, one on each side of the spine. They represent about 0.5% of the total weight of the body, but receive 20% -- 25% of the total arterial blood pumped by the heart. Each contains from 1 million to 2 million nephrons. Kidneys remove wastes, and normal components of blood that may be present in greater-than-normal concentrations. The kidney is an endocrine gland that secretes two hormones: erythropoietin (EPO) and calcitrol (the active form of Vitamin D) as well as the enzyme renin. Erythropoietin acts on the bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells. Calcitrol acts on the cells of the intestines to promote absorption of calcium from food and then acts on the bones to mobilize calcium from the bone to the blood. Renin helps the kidney monitor blood pressure and take corrective action if it drops. kidney failure -- loss of the kidneys' ability to perform their main function of eliminating excess fluid and salts (electrolytes) as well as waste material from the blood. Symptoms of acute kidney failure may include: decreased urine output, fluid retention, drowsiness, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, nausea, seizures or coma, chest pain or pressure. kin -- a person's relatives by blood, marriage, remarriage, or adoption, varying from grandparents to nieces to brothers-in-law, etc (------------------------------------------->). kinderdults -- term for children who are treated simultaneously as both children and adults. kindergarten -- a school or class for children 4 to 6 years old; in the US kindergarten is either the first year of formal, public school, or the year of schooling before first grade. kindergartners -- modern term to describe the children who are attending kindergarten programs; a term used in 19th century America to describe early childhood practitioners who worked in kindergartens patterned after Froebelian models (see picture below). kinesics -- the study of body movements. kinesthetic -- related to the sensation of body position, presence, or movement, resulting chiefly from stimulation of sensory nerve endings in the muscles, joints, and tendons. kinky hair syndrome -- see Menkes syndrome. kinship care -- child care, housing, and so on, provided by members of the immediate or extended family other than the parents. kinship studies -- studies comparing the characteristics of family members to determine the importance of heredity in complex human characteristics. Kirk, Samuel -- this educator introduced the term "specific learning disability" in 1963. His concept was defined by delays, deviations, and performance discrepancies in basic academic subjects (e.g., arithmetic, reading, writing, spelling) and speech and language problems not attributable to mental retardation. Klinefelter syndrome (XXY syndrome) -- Occurring only in males, tall, slim stature; long limbs; relatively small penis and testes; gynecomastia (breast enlargement) in 40%; intention tremor (involuntary trembling arising when attempting a voluntary coordinated movement) in 20% to 50%; low to average intelligence; infertility; behavioral disorders; scoliosis; osteoporosis and reduced muscle strength; vascular problems; 8% have diabetes mellitus as adults; risk of extragonadal mid-line germ cell tumors. Patients may appear to have no physical changes prior to puberty with the exception of long legs. Caused by a chromosomal nondisjunction, resulting in 47,XXY constitution; new mutation. (see picture) Klippel-Feil syndrome -- cervical vertebral fusion, hemivertebrae (incomplete development of one or more vertebrae), congenital scoliosis, torticollis (wry neck), low hair line, sacral agenesis (absence of tailbone), hearing loss, occasional congenital heart defect, extra fused or missing ribs, middle-ear abnormalities, genitourinary abnormalities, pain. Cause: (subgroup) linked to the SGM1 gene on chromosome 8q22.2; autosomal dominant. Can cause deaf-blindness. Klippel-Trenauny-Weber syndrome -- asymmetric hypertrophy of limb, face (lips, cheeks, tongue, teeth), or other body parts; hemangiomas (benign congenital tumors made up of newly formed blood vessels) (hypertrophy and hemangiomas arise independently and are not always on the same side of the body); depending on the area of the hypertrophy, complications may affect any organ/body part including the spinal cord (which can result in weakness or paralysis), kidneys (renal obstruction), brain (intracranial hypertension). Cause is linked to the VG5Q gene at 5q13.3; believed to be autosomal dominant; can cause deaf-blindness. Kniest dysplasia -- a cause of deaf-blindness. knock-kneed -- knees touch together as the child stands or walks, with feet in a wide stance and sometimes turned inward. (see picture) knowledge construction -- process by which a particular framework is used to develop, evaluate, and disseminate new information. Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) -- in the classic form of this progressive neurological disorder, symptoms begin at 4 -- 6 months of age with irritability, progressive stiffness, optic atrophy, cognitive degeneration, and early death. Approximately 10% to 15% of cases have onset of symptoms between 15 months and 17 years of age, and have slower disease progression. Hypertonicity, opisthotonos (back aching), visual and hearing impairment, episodic unexplained fevers, seizures, peripheral neuropathy. Caused by an accumulation of psychosine galactosylceramide which is caused by a galactocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency resulting from a mutation in the GALC gene on chromosome 14q24.3 -- q32.1; autosomal recessive. kwashiorkor -- a disease that is caused by a diet low in protein and that usually appears after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age. Symptoms include a swollen belly, swollen feet, hair loss, skin rash, and irritable, listless behavior. (see picture) kyphoscoliosis -- spinal deformity including both curvature and humping of the spine. kyphosis -- humping deformity of the spine, "hunchback" |
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| labeling-- Assigning an individual to a group (e.g., Latino) or marking names on objects (e.g., toy car); the assigning of a disability label such as deaf or mentally retarded. Once a label has been affixed to an individual, the two often become inseparable. labia -- folds of skin forming the outer and inner edges, or lips, of the vagina. labor -- the stages of delivering a baby, consisting of contractions of the uterine muscles and dilation of the cervix, the birth itself, and the expulsion of the placenta. laboratory observation -- researchers making observations in a laboratory setting. A setting that is highly controlled but may be too artificial. laboratory schools -- educational settings whose purposes include experimental study; schools for testing and analysis of educational and/or psychological theory and practice, with an opportunity for experimentation, observation, and practice. labor force -- wage earners who hire out their labor to someone else. labyrinth -- the inner ear, made up of the vestibular apparatus and the cochlea. lacrimal -- pertaining to tears; lacrimal duct is a tear duct. lacrimal bone -- a small bone located in the anterior wall of the orbit (eye socket), articulating with the frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and inferior nasal concha. (see picture) lactase -- enzyme necessary to digest the milk sugar lactose. lactating -- producing and secreting milk. lactic acid -- chemical produced in muscles as a result of anaerobic glucose metabolism. lactic acidosis -- when lactic acid builds up in the bloodstream faster than it can be removed. Lactic acid is produced when oxygen levels in the body drop. Symptoms of lactic acidosis are nausea and weakness. The most common cause of lactic acidosis is intense exercise. It can also be caused by diseases such as sepsis, respiratory failure, AIDS, cancer, diabetes, glycogen storage disease, and kidney failure. Some medications can cause lactic acidosis, such as metformin, phenformin, etc. lactose -- milk sugar composed of glucose and galactose. lacuna -- one of the numerous minute cavities in the substance of bone, supposed to contain nucleate cells. lag of mineralization of bone -- see spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. laissez faire -- see pal parenting style. lamboid sutures – the connection of the occipital bone and parietal bone of the skull (--->). Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) (also called Acquired Epileptic Aphasia [AEA]-- a rare, childhood neurological disorder characterized by the sudden or gradual development of aphasia (the inability to understand or express language), and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG). LKS affects the parts of the brain that control comprehension and speech (Broca's area and Wernicke's area). This disorder usually occurs in children between the ages of 3 and 7 years old. The child develops normally but then loses language skills for no apparent reason. Some children with the disorder have seizures. LKS is difficult to diagnose and may be misdiagnosed as autism, pervasive developmental disorder, hearing impairment, learning disability, auditory/verbal processing disorder, attention deficit disorder, mental retardation, childhood schizophrenia or emotional/behavioral problems. landmark legislation-- A turning point or an entirely new approach to public policy. language -- the meaning of words and gestures that are communicated; a socially shared, rule-governed code used for communication. It is not limited to oral expression, however -- it occurs in written form, through the use of gestures, alternative methods of communication for those who are low verbal or nonverbal, and within one's own thoughts. language acquisition device (LAD) -- in Chomsky's biological theory, a part of the brain that allows children to understand the properties of all human languages. language, content of -- a child's knowledge of word meanings, and the interrelationship between words. language delay (disability) -- classification for children who do not develop language skills as quickly as their peers; see developmental language disorder. language deprivation -- being denied exposure to language-oriented experiences such as conversation, radio, or television. language development -- on average, children say their first word by 12 months, with a range of 8 to 18 months. Once words appear, language develops rapidly. Sometime between 1 1/2 to 2 years, toddlers combine 2 words. By age 6, children have a vocabulary of about 10,000 words, speak in elaborate sentences, and are skilled conversationalists. language difference -- variations from standard speech that are considered normal; dialects are an example of a language difference. language disorder -- difficulty or inability to master language systems, their rules, or applications, which interferes with communication. Also referred to as language delay or language disability. Can refer to aphasia or dysphasia. language, form of -- the structure of language phonology, syntax, and morphemes. language group -- group therapy for language and speech problems. language immersion programs -- school settings in which children are taught entirely in another language different from their native tongue. language use -- the way in which children communicate in social contexts. lanugo -- a white, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus, helping the vernix stick to the skin (see illustration). laparoscopy -- female sterilization procedure whereby a tube-like instrument called a laparoscope is inserted through a half-inch incision in the area of the navel. This is the most common means of female sterilization. laparotomy -- female sterilization procedure whereby a surgeon makes a 2-inch-long incision in the woman's abdomen and cuts the fallopian tubes. large for gestational age (LGA) -- weighing more than 4 kilograms, about 9 or more pounds at birth, which makes vaginal delivery mechanically difficult through the pelvic birth canal. This typically occurs in infants of mothers with diabetes. large group activities-- Interactions that occur in groups larger than 4 or 5 children. large muscle (gross motor) -- muscles used in moving the body from one place to another. Larry P. vs Riles (1972) -- Federal court case that established that, because of their bias, IQ tests could not be used to identify African American students as having mental retardation. laryngomalacia -- a morbid softness or sponginess of the larynx. larynx ("laryngeal" -- of the larynx) -- the portion of the breathing or respiratory tract containing the vocal cords which produce vocal sound. It is located between the pharynx and the trachea. It is sometimes called the voice box. It is 2 inches long and tube-shaped. (see picture) laser cane -- a mobility device for people who are blind. It converts infrared light into sound as light beams strike objects. latchkey children -- children who are left unsupervised during the day or return home to an empty house after school. latency stage -- the fourth stage in Freud's psychosexual theory of development, during which sexual instincts die down, and the superego develops even further. (ages 6 -- 11) latent consequences -- the unintended effects of social policies. latent content -- Freud: the true thoughts below the manifest imagery of the dream. Psychoanalysis seeks to translate the "disguised" manifest content into true latent, and therefore repressed, wishes of the dreamer. latent functions -- according to the structural-functional perspective, functions that are unconscious or unintended; they have hidden purposes. lateral -- to the side; away from mid-line. laterality -- of or relating to the side, as in children having an awareness of what is situated on, directed toward, or coming from either side of themselves. lateralization -- specialization of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. lateral ventricles -- cavities in the interior of the cerebral hemispheres containing cerebrospinal fluid. The are enlarged with hydrocephalus or with brain atrophy. later basic forms stage -- in the later basic forms stage the rectangle and square forms are made when the child can purposely draw separate lines of any length desired. later pictorial (first drawings) stage -- a later point in the pictorial stage when the child draws symbols more easily and exactly. late visual bloomers -- those children who, like children with motor, language, and social developmental delays, experience maturational delays in visual ability, appearing to be blind at birth and during their first months of life, but usually developing normal visual ability by 18 months to 3 years of age. launching stage -- the period of family life when the younger generation prepares to make the transition to adulthood by leaving the parental home. law and order stage -- see conventional stage. law of frequency -- a law that states that as the frequency of an S-R connection occurs, the stronger it will become. law of recency -- a law that states that the more recently a particular stimulus has been associated with a particular response, the more likely it is the association will occur again. Lawrence-Moon-Biedl syndrome -- retinitis pigmentosa, hypogenitalism, obesity, and extra fingers and toes. Caused by an inherited failure of normal embryonic development. Associated complications are ataxic gait, mental retardation, night blindness, and spastic paraplegia. Incidence: rare; recurrence risk to patient's siblings, 25%. LBW -- see low birth weight. lead agency -- the agency appointed by the governor of each stage to be the head agency for Part C (children from birth to age 3 who have disabilities). The lead agency coordinates activities with the other agencies in the state serving this age group. lead poisoning -- acute or chronic poisoning by lead or any of its salts that may result in severe stomach problems, anemia, constipation, partial paralysis, mental retardation, seizures, unconsciousness, coma, and death. It can injure the brain, kidneys, nervous system, and red blood cells. learned helplessness-- Condition in which an individual who experiences repeated failure expects more failure and loses motivation; a condition of hopelessness resulting from inconsistent or negative feedback; excessive dependency often induced by well-meaning parents or caregivers because they cannot bear to see the child struggle (or feel they do not have the time to let the child work at learning a particular, self-help skill. learning -- changes that occur as the result of observation, experience, instruction, or practice learning centers -- similar to interest areas and activity areas; hubs or areas in a classroom designed to promote learning; the classroom is arranged in discrete areas for activity, and children move from one area to another rather than stay at an assigned desk or chair. learning disability (LD)-- Condition in which a student has a dysfunction in processing information typically found in language-based activities, resulting in interference with learning. Students with LD have average or above average intelligence but experience significant problems in learning how to read, write, and/or compute. Some common characteristics of children with learning disabilities are: specific academic skills deficits; perceptual motor impairments; memory and thinking disorders; speech and language disorders; attention disorders; hyperactivity; impulsiveness; emotional liability; general coordination deficits; and neurological soft signs. Learning disabilities may be caused by neurological factors, maturational delay, genetic factors, and environmental factors. Common learning disabilities are dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, central auditory processing disorder, nonverbal learning disabilities, dyspraxia, visual perceptual deficits, vision motor deficits, language disorders (aphasia or dysphasia). learning media assessment -- evaluation process that gathers a variety of information to determine the primary and secondary learning media and literacy needs for students with visual impairments; often addresses a student's use of sensory channels and needs for general learning media. learning medium -- formats of reading and literacy materials available to individuals with visual impairments; includes Braille, print, large print, audiotapes, access technology, etc. learning strategies -- help students with learning disabilities to learn independently and to generalize, or transfer, their skills and behaviors to new situations. learning theory -- emphasizes the dominant role of environment and reinforcing experiences in learning; approaches to understanding human development that focus on how people learn to behave the way they do. least restrictive environment (LRE)-- Setting most like the one in which other students are educated and in which a student with a disability can succeed. The presumption in current law is that the LRE for most students is general education. IDEA 2004 defines this as: to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities, including children in public and private institutions or other care facilities, are educated with children who are not disabled, and special classes, separate schooling, or other removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of the disability of a child is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (Leber's congenital amaurosis, LHON) -- One of the mitochondrial disorders; bilateral central vision loss, occasionally seen with multiple sclerosis, dystonia, or movement disorder. Primarily associated with point mutations in mtDNA; maternal inheritance, through mtDNA. lecithin -- any of a group of phospholipids found in egg yolks and the plasma membrane of plant and animal cells. Lecithin is important in cell structure and metabolism. Lecithin is a compound consisting of two fatty acid chains, a phosphate group, and a base (choline). It usually contains a high proportion of linoleic acid. Lee's Six Styles of Love -- Sociologist John Alan Lee's theory of the origin of love, which suggests there are six basic styles of loving: 1) love of beauty and the physical, or eros; 2) obsessive love, or mania; 3) playful love, or ludus; 4) companionate love, or storge; 5) altruistic love, or agape; and 6) practical love, or pragma. left-brained -- using the left hemisphere of the brain as the major learning method. legal blindness -- visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the best eye with correction, as measured on the Snellen test, or a visual field of 20% or less. legal divorce -- the second of Bohannon's six stations of marriage: the court-ordered termination of a marriage. legends -- stories of a semi-historical nature that are told as true, though they may include fictitious elements. legitimate authority -- the right and responsibility to exercise control over others. legitimate power -- type of power based on a person's partner having the right to ask you to do something and you having the duty to comply. Leigh's disease -- a cause of deaf blindness. Leigh syndrome -- a mitochondrial disorder; encephalopathy, ophthalmoplegia, optic atrophy, myopathy, developmental delay and regression, ataxia, spasticity, early death. Caused by a deficiency of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) or another enzyme involved in energy metabolism; maternal, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive. leisure -- time not taken up by work in which to engage in freely chosen satisfying activities. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome -- a severe form of epilepsy with seizures that usually begin before age 4. Type of seizures are variable per patient. There are usually: some mental retardation, developmental delays, behavior disturbances. This disorder can be caused by brain malformation, perinatal asphyxia, severe head injury, central nervous system infection, or an inherited degenerative or metabolic condition. lens -- the biconvex, translucent body that rests in front of the vitreous humor and refracts light rays so that they hit the retina directly. leprosy -- a chronic disease caused by a bacillus, mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and also the eyes. The bacteria that causes leprosy multiplies very slowly and the incubation period of the disease is about 5 years. Symptoms can take as long as 20 years to appear. It is not highly infectious. It is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during close and frequent contacts with others. Untreated, leprosy can cause progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. Leprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages averts disability. leptin -- a hormone that has a central role in fat metabolism. It was originally thought to be a signal to lose weight, but it may, instead, be a signal to the brain that there is fat on the body. People who are hugely obese and unable to lose weight have a genetic inability to produce leptin. Injections of leptin have had dramatic weight loss effects. Doesn't it make you wonder why I have not signed up for leptin injections??? Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Lesch-Nyhan disease) -- an inborn error of purine metabolism associated with elevated levels of uric acid in blood and urine. Affected males appear symptom free at birth, but dyskinetic (incomplete or fragmented) movements and spasticity develop, accompanied by severe involuntary self-injurious behavior, including biting of fingers, arms, and lips. Associated complications are cognitive impairment, seizures in 50%, hematuria (blood in urine), kidney stones, and ultimate kidney failure. Caused by a defect in enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase caused by a mutation in the HPRT gene on Xq26--q27.2; X- linked recessive. lesions -- a wound, injury, rash, boil, sore, or pathologic change in body tissue lethargy -- a state of sluggishness, inactivity, apathy. letter strategies -- acronyms or a string of letters used to aid memory of a list of words or concepts; mnemonics. leukemia -- a cancer seen in childhood (not exclusively in children); this kind of cancer begins in the blood cells. The different kinds of leukemia are groups according to the type of white blood cell affected. It can occur in lymphoid cells or myeloid cells. The leukemias are the most common childhood cancers, accounting for 33% of all childhood cancers. The most common kind of leukemia in childhood is acute lymphocytic leukemia. Other types are acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic leukemia. leukocytes -- see white blood cells leveling -- being specific, authentic, and transparent about how one feels, especially about matters in one's relationship that create conflict or hurt. levels of support -- AAMR (now referred to as AAIDD or American Association for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities) system for classifying individuals with mental retardation based on whether they need intermittent, limited, extensive, or pervasive support. The system deemphasizes reliance on IQ scores and stresses assisting individuals to reach their potential. LGA -- see large for gestational age. liability -- legal responsibility or obligation for one's actions owed to another individual. liberal feminism -- also called equal rights feminism; movement principally concerned with achieving equal opportunities for women through legal and social reforms. liberal perspective (on family) -- a political and intellectual position which holds that changes in contemporary families are not leading to deterioration but are, in fact, increasing their strength and resistance. liberation teaching -- theory that the teacher does not give up on any child by seeking to meet the child's needs. libido -- the source of action and sexual desire. Freud: the psychosexual energy originating in the id. Libido is the electric current of the mechanism of personality. It powers all psychological operations, invests desires, and undergoes ready displacement. It is the basic fuel of the self. Because it is of a relatively fixed quantity, like gasoline in a tank, it obeys laws of physical "economy" in that a surplus in one system means a loss somewhere else. It can be either free or bound (Bruer's term). licensed practical nurse (LPN) -- a person who has undergone training and obtained a license conferring authorization to provide care for the sick (-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->). license requirements -- required standards, usually set by the individual states. licensing -- the process of fulfilling legal requirements, standards, and regulations for operating child care facilities. life expectancy -- the average number of years a person can expect to live from birth to death. life skills curriculum -- a curriculum or learning system that stresses concepts and skills that students with mental retardation or other disabilities need to function independently. life space analysis -- a process in which teachers collect two kinds of data: first, baseline data of a student's current functioning abilities; and second, information about the student's current environments and perspective environments for community-based instruction. lifestyle -- a pattern by which a person organizes his or her living arrangements in relation to others. ligament -- a sheet or band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilage at a joint. ligamentous laxity -- loose ligaments, which may result from injury, accidents, or genetic causes. Symptoms are frequent sprained ankles, shoulder dislocation, knee effusions, back problems, pain, bone dislocation, referred pain, inability to bend elbows or knees past a position of neutrality. Other symptoms are the ability to touch the hands flat to the floor while bending forward from the waist, and the ability to touch the thumb to the forearm. lightening -- when the fetus drops into the pelvic cavity, decreasing pressure on the mother's diaphragm. liking -- a type of love relationship characterized by intimacy but lacking passion and commitment. limb-body wall complex (LBWC) -- diagnosed by the presence of an abdominal wall defect, short umbilical cord, spinal scoliosis, limb deformity, and craniofacial defects. The lack of blood flow leads to anoxia and death. limbic system -- an older term coined by Paul MacLean in 1952. It describes a group of connected structures in the mid-brain area, which includes the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, fornix, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus. limb reduction defects -- defects of the arms and legs, such as absence, partial formation, etc. limited English proficient -- PL 108-446 -- An individual, age 3 -- 21, enrolled or preparing to enroll in an elementary or secondary school, 1. (a) who wasn't born in the US or whose native language isn't English; (b) who is a Native American or Alaska Native, or native resident of the outlying areas and comes from an environment where a language other than English has significantly impacted level of English language proficiency; or (c) who is migratory, with a native language other than English, from an environment where a language other than English is dominant; and 2. whose difficulties in speaking, reading, writing, or understanding English may be sufficient to deny the child (a) ability to meet proficient level of achievement on State assessments; (b) ability to successfully achieve in class where instruction is in English; or (c) opportunity to participate fully in society. limits -- the boundaries of acceptable behavior beyond which actions are considered misbehavior and unacceptable conduct; the absolute controls an adult puts on a child's behavior. limited understanding -- children with learning disabilities as well as those with mild or moderate mental retardation. Generally, children with limited understanding have a shorter attention span and tend to become easily discouraged. linchpin -- something that serves to hold together the elements of the situation. line -- an element of art that is part of every artwork. Every line in a piece of art has length, a beginning, an end, and direction. lineage -- line of descent, influenced by cultural norms. Lineage determines membership in a kinship group, patterns of inheritance, and kinship obligations or responsibilities. linear causality model -- an interpersonal communication model that assumes a direct, or linear, relationship between cause and effect. linear fracture -- break in a long bone; occurs in a straight line. lingual frenulum -- a small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the tongue. (see picture) linguistic and cultural diversity -- see cultural and linguistic diversity. linguistic intelligence (verbal-linguistic intelligence) -- sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, and meaning of words and the function of language. One of the nine intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. linguistic readiness (for reading) -- a prerequisite to reading which involves skill at using oral language. linoleic acid -- a polyunsaturated fatty acid, which is essential (must be provided in food) for humans. linolenic acid -- one of the two polyunsaturated fatty acids that are recognized as essential for humans. Linus blanket -- a type of cohabiting relationship in which one of the partners is so dependent or insecure that he or she prefers a relationship with anyone to being alone. lipid -- an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is usually insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform; examples: fat, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins. lipoma -- a benign, fatty tissue tumor. lipoprotein -- protein linked with fat to aid in the transport of various types of fat in the blood. lip retraction (purse string) -- extension of the lips into a tight horizontal line. Lisch nodules -- the most common type of ocular involvement in neurofibromatosis-1. They are usually clear yellow to brown in color and appear as well-defined dome-shaped elevations projecting from the surface of the iris. They are not thought to cause any ophthalmologic complication. (see picture) lissencephaly -- an abnormality of the brain in which few gyri are formed. This is associated with some forms of mental retardation. Also called double cortex syndrome (DCX) (-------------------------->). lissencephaly syndromes (Miller-Dieker syndrome) -- a group of disorders characterized by lissencephaly (smooth brain) in which Miller- Dieker is the prototype. Lissencephaly syndromes can be divided into subgroups based on features. Classical lissencephaly (formerly lissencephaly type 1), the most common form, is defined by the presence of a very thick cortex and subcortical band heterotopia, whereas other types present with other brain malformations, including agenesis of the corpus callosum and severe cerebellar hypoplasia. Features include agyria or pachygyria (absent or decreased cerebral convolutions, respectively); progressive spasticity; microcephaly; characteristic facial appearance (short nose, broad nasal bridge, upturned nose, hypertelorism, prominent upper lip, malformed or malpositioned ears); mental retardation; infantile spasms; late tooth eruption; failure to thrive; dysphagia (swallowing difficulty); congenital heart defect; intestinal atresia (congenital closure). Cause: five genes have been defined to date that cause lissencephaly: LIS1 (on chromosome 17p13.3), 14-3-3 epsilon on chromosome 17p13.3), DCX (on chromosome Xq22.3), RELN (on chromosome 7q22), and ARX (on chromosome Xp22.13); a deletion of one copy (haploinsufficiency) of any of the above genes is sufficient to cause one of the lissencephaly syndromes; new mutation with autosomal dominant inheritance when passed from an affected individual. listening -- a stage in the development of listening skills when the child reacts through comments or questions. listlessness -- a state characterized by a lack of energy and/or interest in one's affairs. literacy -- a mastery of language -- speaking, listening, writing, and reading. literacy activities -- activities that promote development of oral communication skills and understanding of print communication. liver -- a reddish brown organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape. It normally weighs between 3 -- 3 1/2 pounds and is triangular shaped. It is the largest intestinal organ and the largest gland in the body. It is in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm. It lies to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder. It is connected to two large blood vessels which carry blood from the aorta. The liver has many functions, including producing substances that break down fats, convert glucose to glycogen, produce urea, make certain amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), filter harmful substances from the blood (such as alcohol), storage of vitamins and minerals (vitamins A, D, K, and B12), manufacture proteins and blood clotting factors, metabolize fats, metabolize and store carbohydrates, form and secrete bile, eliminate bilirubin, detoxify, and maintain a proper level of glucose in the blood. It also produces cholesterol. liver cancer -- also called hepatoma; a rare cancer. When the cancer or tumor is just in the liver, and can be surgically removed, it is highly curable. The two types of liver cancer are hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular cancer. Children infected with hepatitis B or C are at risk for developing liver cancer. local education agency (LEA) (also called lead agency or lead educational agency) -- the agency appointed by the governor of each state to be the head agency for Part C (children from birth to age 3 who have disabilities) of IDEA. The lead agency coordinates activities with other agencies in the state serving this age group. localization - identification of the orientation of a sound source. locomotor skills -- transport the body as a whole from one point to another. Although it is commonly believed that children acquire and develop locomotor skills automatically, in fact, children are unable to reach a mature stage of development without practice, encouragement, and instruction. locus -- focus or location. locus ceruleus -- an area of the brain involved in attention. locutionary stage -- a stage of language development in which infants communicate both conventionally (words and sentences) and intentionally. logical consequence -- a consequence determined by an adult that is related to the child's original inappropriate behavior. logical mathematical intelligence -- one of Gardner's proposed nine intelligences in his theory of multiple intelligences; understanding principles of the nature of matter by reasoning and the use of numbers and/or logic. People high in this kind of intelligence understand the underlying principles of some kind of causal system, the way a scientist or logician does; or can manipulate numbers, quantities, and operations, the way a mathematician does. log/journal -- a form of observation technique that involves making a page of notes about children's behavior in a cumulative journal. long bones -- A long bone is a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide. Long bones have a thick outside layer of compact bone and an inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow. The ends of a long bone contain spongy bone and an epiphyseal line. The epiphyseal line is a remnant of an area that contained hyaline cartilage that grew during childhood to lengthen the bone. All of the bones in the arms and legs, except the patella, and bones of the wrist, and ankle, are long bones ----------->>. longevous marriage -- a long-term marriage that lasts 50 years or more. longitudinal design -- participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes noted as participants mature. A long time span is needed for this kind of study. longitudinal-sequential design -- a research design with both longitudinal and cross-sectional components in which groups of participants born in different years are followed over time. longitudinal study -- method in which the same group of individuals is tested at different points in time. long term memory -- the part of the information processing system that has an unlimited capacity for storing information over long periods of time. looking-glass self -- the idea that you learn about yourself based on the feedback you receive from others. looping -- the practice of keeping a teacher and a group of children in a class together for two or more years. loop systems -- closed-circuit wiring that sends FM signals from an audio system directly to an electronic coil in a student's hearing aid. The receiver picks up the signals, much as a remote-control device sends infrared signals to a television. loss -- a general feeling of sadness due to having someone or something that one values taken away. loudness -- one of the two aspects of voice, referring to the intensity of sound produced while speaking. Lou Gehrig's Disease -- see amyotrophic lateral sclerosis love -- intimacy with, caring for, and commitment to another person. love and belonging needs -- Maslow: the third level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs model. This level includes the need for friends, a sweetheart, children, affection, community, marriage, church group, other clubs or groups, etc. It a person lacks love and belonging needs, he/she may become increasingly susceptible to loneliness and social anxieties. love at first sight -- Jung: The experiences of love at first sight, of deja vu (the feeling that you've been here before), and the immediate recognition of certain symbols and the meanings of certain myths, could all be understood as the sudden conjunction of our outer reality and the inner reality of the collective unconscious. Grander examples are the creative experiences shared by artists and musicians all over the world and in all times, or the spiritual experiences of mystics of all religions, or the parallels in dreams, fantasies, mythologies, fairy tales, and literature. A nice example that has been greatly discussed recently is the near-death experience. It seems that many people, of many different cultural backgrounds, find that they have very similar recollections when they are brought back from a close encounter with death. They speak of leaving their bodies, seeing their bodies and the events surrounding them clearly, of being pulled through a long tunnel towards a bright light, of seeing deceased relatives or religious figures waiting for them, and of their disappointment at having to leave this happy scene to return to their bodies. Perhaps we are all "built" to experience death in this fashion. love styles -- a typology of love attitude constellations that includes six major types: Eros (passionate love), Ludus (game-playing love), Storge (friendship love), Pragma (practical love), Mania (possessive, dependent love), and Agape (altruistic love). love withdrawal -- disciplinary techniques in which parents ignore, withhold affection from, or express lack of love for the child. low birthweight (LBW) -- term describing infants born after 37 weeks gestation but weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2,500 grams). low-density lipoproteins (LDL) -- a lipoprotein with a low protein to fat ratio that contains a high level of cholesterol; high blood levels of LDL may signal increased risk for heart disease. lower level esteem -- Maslow: In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the fourth level, which includes both lower level esteem needs and higher level esteem needs. In the lower level, one needs esteem from others: the need for respect, status, fame, glory, recognition, attention, reputation, dignity, appreciation, dominance. Lowe syndrome (Oculo-cerebro-renal syndrome) -- bilateral cataracts at birth, hypotonia, absent deep tendon reflexes, kidney dysfunction, dysmorphic facies, failure to thrive, vitamin D-resistant rickets, seizures, visual impairment, glaucoma, mental retardation in 75%, behavioral problems, intention tremor, craniosynostosis, peripheral neuropathy (damage to nerves). Caused by an abnormal inositol phosphate metabolism caused by mutations in the OCRL1 gene on chromosome Xq26.1; X-linked recessive, with 1/3 of cases being new mutation. lower brain -- this is the lower portion of the brain composed of the upper spinal cord, medulla, pons, and some say the reticular formation. It sorts sensory information and regulates survival functions like breathing and heart rate. lower esophageal sphincter -- the muscular valve connecting the esophagus and stomach and normally preventing reflux. low muscle tone -- loose or weak muscles (----------------------------------------------------------->). low vision-- Visual impairment that exists after correction, but one in which the potential exists for the use of vision, with or without low-vision devices, to accomplish daily tasks, mild to moderate vision impairment with visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/200. low vision devices -- optical and non-optical devices and strategies that allow an individual with low vision to accomplish near and distant tasks. loyalty response -- a passive, constructive response to a deteriorating relationship; choosing to stay with one's partner despite any problems but making no attempt to try to resolve them, hoping they will smooth out over time. LPN -- see licensed practical nurse LRE -- see least restrictive environment ludus -- according to sociologist John Alan Lee's theory of the origin of love, one of the six basic styles of loving: playful love, love as pleasure and fun and games. This love style focuses on sex as recreation, the enjoyment of many sexual partners rather than concentrating on one serious relationship. lumbar -- pertaining to the lower back lumbar puncture -- the tapping of the subarachnoid space to obtain cerebrospinal fluid from the lower back region. This procedure is used to diagnose meningitis and to measure chemicals in the spinal fluid. It is also called a spinal tap (------------------------------------------------------->). lunar calendar -- a calendar based on the cycles of the moon. Festivals are tied to specific lunar months and phases of the moon, for instance the Chinese New Year begins at the second new moon after the winter solstice. The Islamic and Jewish calendars are also lunar based. lupus -- a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when the body attacks its own tissues and organs. Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs. It occurs more often in women. There are four kinds of lupus -- systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, drug-induced lupus erythematosus, and neonatal lupus. Systemic lupus erythematosus is the most common and the most serious. Lyme disease -- bacterial illness caused by the bite of infected deer ticks found in grassy or wooded areas. The result is a red ring around the bite, flu-like symptoms, followed by numbness, pain, weakness, Bell's palsy, visual disturbances, and meningitis symptoms. Other problems, which may not occur until weeks, months, or years later, are decreased concentration, irritability, memory and sleep disorders, and nerve damage in the arms and legs. lymph -- a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances. lymphadenopathy -- an enlargement of lymph nodes. lymphatic system -- an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph throughout the body. lymph glands (lymph nodes) -- specialized groupings of lymphatic tissue that produce and store white blood cells for protection against infection and illness. (see picture) lymphoblast -- an immature cell that gives rise to a lymphocyte lymphocyte -- blood cells which originate from fetal stem cells and develop in the bone marrow. They comprise 25% of the total white blood cell count, but they increase in number in response to infection or antigens. lymphoid cells -- any of the cells that mediate the production of immunity, including lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells. lymphoid interstitial pneumonia -- a relatively rare form of lung disease characterized by the buildup of lymphocytes in the air spaces (alveoli) of the lungs. It is frequently associated with HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Symptoms are finger clubbing (in children), enlarged liver, enlarged spleen, enlarged parotid gland, cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, breathing difficulty, enlarged lymph nodes, and failure to thrive (in children). lymphomas -- cancerous growths of the lymphoid tissue. They are one of the complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). lyonization -- the genetic principle discovered by Mary Lyon that there is X-chromosome inactivation in females. lysosomal storage disorder -- disorder caused by a lack of enzymes that normally eliminate unwanted substances in the cells of the body. The enzymes are found in sac-like structures in cells called lysosomes. They act as the "recycling center" of each cell, breaking down unwanted material into simple products for the cell to use to build new material. The lack of certain enzymes causes a buildup of the substances normally eliminated, and deposits of those substances accumulate in many cells of the body. There are more than 40 known lysosomal storage disorders, including Gaucher disease, Neimann-Pick B disease, Hurler syndrome, and Tay Sachs disease. lysosome -- minute organelle in a cell that contains enzymes used to digest potentially toxic material. |
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