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habilitation -- the teaching of new skills to children with developmental disabilities. It is called habilitation rather than rehabilitation,
because these children did not possess these skills previously.

habits -- unconscious repetitions of particular behaviors.

habituation -- a decrease in attention to a stimulus that has been presented repeatedly.

haemphilus influenzae, type B or HiB -- a bacterium estimated to be responsible for some three million serious illnesses and an
estimated 386,000 deaths per year. Almost all victims are under the age of 5, and children between 4 and 16 months old are
especially vulnerable. In developing countries, where the vast majority of HiB deaths occur, pneumonia accounts for a larger
number of deaths than meningitis. This bacterium does not cause influenza (the flu).

halcyon -- a bird identified with the kingfisher and held in ancient legend to nest at sea about the time of the winter solstice
and to calm the waves during incubation.

half-kneeling position -- kneeling on one knee and foot (------------------------------------------------------------>).

Hallermann-Streiff syndrome -- Proportionate short stature, characteristic facial appearance with small eyes; cataracts;
small pinched nose; undeveloped or missing teeth; small mouth; thin hair, prominent central forehead. Associated complications are
various eye abnormalities, including nystagmus, strabismus, cataracts and/or decreased visual acuity; neonatal teeth and other
dental abnormalities; narrow upper airway or tracheomalacia (softening of the tracheal cartilages), with related respiratory
difficulty; frequent respiratory infections, snoring, and feeding difficulties; overlap with oculodenodigital dysplasia (ODDD) has
been suggested. Cause is unknown but believed to be genetic; presumed new mutation.

hallucinations -- sense perceptions without a source in the external world. These most commonly occur as symptoms of psychoses
or drug intoxication.

hand eye coordination -- the use of hands and eyes at the same time.

handicap -- a limitation imposed on an individual by the environment and the person's capacity to cope with that
limitation; the consequences or impact encountered by or imposed on a child with a disability as he or she attempts
to function and interact in the environment; best used as a description of a parking spot or golf thingie.

handling -- therapeutic preparation for movement and positioning.

hand over hand assistance -- method of assisting a child by physically guiding him through an activity.

Hand-Schuuler-Christian disease -- a cause of deaf-blindness.

hand signs -- see manual communication (--------------------------------------------------------------------------->).

hands-on -- active involvement in a project; actually doing something.

haploid -- having a single set of human chromosomes, 23, as in the sperm or egg.

haptic -- related to the sensation of touch and to information transmitted through body movement or position.
(haptic sensory system)

hard of hearing -- a term used to describe individuals with a sense of hearing that is deficient but somewhat functional.

hardiness -- the combination of three personality traits -- commitment, control, and challenge -- that protect us from the potentially
harmful effects of stressful situations and reduce our chances of developing illness.

harsh set-up -- initiating communication with sarcasm, criticism, and/or contempt.

harm standard -- a standard used in defining child abuse and neglect that requires demonstrable harm to children as a result of
maltreatment.

harvesting -- picking or gathering fruits or grains.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis -- the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US. It is caused by inflammation of the thyroid
gland. It is an autoimmune disease, which means that the body inappropriately attacks the thyroid gland as if it was foreign tissue.
It is 5 to 10 times more common in women and most often starts in adulthood. Symptoms are fatigue, depression, modest weight gain,
cold intolerance, excessive sleepiness, dry coarse hair, constipation, dry skin, muscle cramps, increased cholesterol levels,
decreased concentration, vague aches and pains, swelling of the legs.

hassles -- frustrating irritants.

hasty generalizations -- see jumping to conclusions

Hawthorne effect -- factor that applies to participant observer research when subjects of research change their typical behavior
because they realize they are under observation.

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) -- a food safety and self-inspection system that highlights potentially hazardous
foods and how they are handled in the food service department.

hCG -- see human chorionic gonadotropin.

head circumference -- the distance around the head obtained by measuring over the forehead and
bony protuberance on the back of the head; it is an indication of normal or abnormal growth and
development of the brain and central nervous system (---------------->).

head drop -- results from weakness of the neck extensor, or increased tone of the flexor muscles.  

head righting -- an attempt to hold the head in an upright position that occurs when an infant's trunk is
pushed out of an upright position.

Head Start -- A federally funded program aimed at young children in poverty; designed to increase the chances of success in school
and opportunities for achievement; compensatory education program started in 1965.

health -- a state of wellness. Complete physical, mental, social, and emotional well-being; the quality of one element affects the state
of the others.

health assessment -- the process of gathering and evaluating information about an individual's state of health.

health disorders -- disabling conditions characterized by limited stamina, vitality, or alertness due to chronic or acute health
problems.

health impairment -- physical health problems limiting an individual's strength, including chronic illness or weakened condition that
requires ongoing medical treatment and interferes with everyday functioning.

health promotion -- engaging in behaviors, including concern for certain social issues affecting the diet and environment, that help
to maintain and enhance one's health status.

hearing -- one of the five senses: the one you do with your ears.

hearing aids -- electronic devices that amplify sound before it reaches the receptor organ (----->).

hearing impairment -- Term that refers to any degree of hearing loss, from mild to profound,
encompassing the terms deaf or hard of hearing. This term is losing acceptance by deaf persons
because the word impaired has a negative connotation. A category of IDEA.

hearing loss -- general term used when a distinction among various types of hearing impairments is not critical  to  make.

hearing screening -- simple method to assess hearing quickly to determine if more extensive testing is
necessary.

heart -- a vital organ that serves as a pump to send blood throughout the body. The blood nourishes and
oxygenates the body and carries away waste.  It is made up of cardiac muscle, and is about the size of a fist. It
is made up of four chambers, two atria and 2 ventricles. The atria are on top and the ventricles on the bottom.
Between the right and left side of the heart is the septum. The valves between the atria and ventricles are the
mitral valve and tricuspid valve. The other two valves are the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. Over
an average lifetime, the heart will beat more than 2 1/2 billion times. A wonderful interactive lesson on the heart
can be found at: http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/. See the amazing heart beat from http://kidshealth.org/
kid/htbw/heart.html#

heart attack -- occurs when blood flow to a section of heart muscle becomes
blocked. If the flow of blood isn't restored quickly, the section of heart muscle
becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and begins to die.

heart condition -- any disorder of the heart that limits performance.

heart murmur -- an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat. They
sometimes sound like a whooshing or swishing noise. There are two kinds:
innocent (harmless) and abnormal. Innocent murmurs can be heard in many,
if not most, children at some time in their lives. Abnormal heart murmurs are
due to a congenital heart defects.

heart valves -- there are four heart valves. The tricuspid valve is between
the right atrium and the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve is between
the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The mitral valve is between
the left atrium and the left ventricle. The aortic valve is between the left
ventricle and the aorta. Each valve has a set of flaps (leaflets or cusps).
When they are working properly, the valves open and close fully. Poorly
oxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium and then the tricuspid
valve opens, allowing the blood to enter the right ventricle. When it contracts, the pulmonary valve opens, and the blood is propelled
into the pulmonary artery where it is carried to the lungs for oxygen. Well-oxygenated blood returning to the heart from the lungs
enters the left atrium and when the heart contracts, the mitral valve opens and the blood flows into the left ventricle. When the heart
contracts again, the aortic valve opens, and the blood is propelled through the aorta to take oxygen throughout the body. (see heart
anatomy above).

heat exhaustion -- above normal body temperature caused by exposure to too much sun or heat.

heat stroke -- failure of the body's sweating reflex during exposure to high temperatures; causes body
temperature to rise.

hedonistic affairs -- extramarital affairs that are acts of playfulness.

helicase -- enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid protein complexes. There are DNA and
RNA helicases. DNA helicases are essential during DNA replication because
they separate double-stranded DNA into single strands to allow each strand to be
copied. RNA helicases are involved in shaping the form  of RNA molecules,
during all processes involving RNA such as transcription, splicing, and translation.

helix -- the outer rim of the auricle (see picture); the coiled structure of DNA
(see picture).

help agents for transitions -- sources of support who can assist families during
transitions.

helplessness -- a stage or emotion of grief.

hemangiomas -- benign tumor consisting of a mass of blood vessels (------------------------------>).

hematocrit -- percentage of red blood cells in whole blood, normally about 35% -- 40%.

hematologic -- relating to the blood system.

hematologic disorders - common problems in the blood system (hematopoietic) are:
erythrocytosis (too many red blood cells) and elevated numbers of white blood cells (transient
leukemia) (which may later develop  into acute myelogenous leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia if not treated.)

hematoma -- a collection of blood outside the blood vessels.

hematopoietic -- relating to the formation of red blood cells.

hematuria -- the presence of red blood cells in the urine.

heme -- the deep red, nonprotein ferrous component of hemoglobin.

hemianopia -- partial blindness resulting in a loss of vision in either the whole left or the whole right half of the field of vision. Also
called hemianopsia.

hemiatrophy -- atrophy of one side of the body or one half of an organ or part.

hemifacial microsomia -- see oculoauriculovertebral spectrum.

hemihypertrophy -- asymmetric hypertrophy (enlargement) of face or limbs.

hemiparesis -- weakness on one side of the body.

hemiplegia -- paralysis of one side of the body; i.e., the arm, trunk, and leg on the same side (---------->).

hemispheres -- the left and right sides of the cerebral cortex, which differ in function. The right hemisphere is largely
responsible for spatial abilities and negative emotion. The left hemisphere is largely responsible for verbal abilities and positive
emotion.  

hemithorax -- half of the thorax on one side of the chest.

hemivertebrae -- a congenital defect of the spine in which one side of a vertebra is incompletely developed.

hemochromatosis -- a disorder in which there is an excess of iron. A person with hemochromatosis deposits the excess iron in
most of their organs, but the iron deposited in their skin leads to a bronzed hue. Iron deposits in the liver, pancreas, thyroid, and
other internal organs lead to significant medical problems such as liver cirrhosis and cancer, diabetes, and heart failure. Oddly,
since there are no regulated pathways to eliminate excess iron, it can only be eliminated through blood loss. Bloodletting is wildly
effective for hemochromatosis -- the patient donates a pint of blood a week until their iron stores drop to normal levels. Then,
donating blood once a month keeps the levels under control. Other symptoms are abdominal pain, fatigue, joint pain, lack of energy,
loss of body hair, loss of sexual desire, weight loss, and weakness. Primary hemochromatosis is the most common genetic
disorder in the US -- 1/200 to 300 Americans. Secondary hemochromatosis can be caused by thalassemia or sideroblastic
anemia, if the person has received a large number of blood transfusions. It affects more men than women, and is more common in
Caucasians of western European descent.

hemodialysis -- a procedure in which blood is pumped through a dialysis chamber that cleanses it of toxins. It serves as an artificial
kidney.  

hemodialysis -- a method for removing waste products from the blood when the kidneys are failing.

hemoglobin -- component of red blood cells that enables them to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

hemolytic anemia -- a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells in the blood due to the premature destruction of
red blood cells. It may be due to bone marrow that is unable to increase production of red blood cells to make up for the premature
destruction, abnormalities of blood proteins, abnormal immune system responses, blood clots, infections, medications, chemicals or
toxins, etc.  

hemophilia -- hereditary (X-linked) recessive disease characterized by faulty blood clotting. The oldest known blood disorder,
there are two types, A and B. With hemophilia A, the blood lacks the clotting protein, Factor VIII. In hemophilia B, the blood lacks the
clotting protein, Factor IX.

hemorrhage -- excessive bleeding

hemorrhagic stroke -- see stroke

hemosiderosis -- dangerous increase in tissue iron stores, which can lead to respiratory failure and death.

hemostat -- a small surgical clamp used to constrict a tube or blood vessel.

hepatitis -- an inflammation of the liver caused by several different viruses. They can cause short-term or acute viral hepatitis, or
long-term chronic hepatitis. Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low
grade fever, and headache.

Hepatitis A -- spread through food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person. Rarely, it spreads through contact with
infected blood.  Infection can occur in situations ranging from isolated cases to widespread epidemics. There is no chronic hepatitis A
infection; once you have had it, you cannot get it again.

Hepatitis B -- a strain of hepatitis resulting from infections or toxic agents that results in inflammation of the liver and often leads to
jaundice and fever. It can cause a lifelong infection, cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. It is transmitted
through bodily fluids or blood. Of people infected with hepatitis B: 90% are infants infected at birth; 30% are children infected ages 1
-- 5; 6% are people infected after age 5. Death from chronic liver disease occurs in 15% to 25% of infected persons.

Hepatitis C -- a serious disease of the liver which can cause lifelong infection, cirrhosis of the liver, and chronic liver disease. It is
transmitted through blood. Long term effects include chronic infections (75% to 85% of infected persons), chronic liver disease (20%
of infected persons), cirrhosis (1% to 5% of infected persons may die.) This is the leading indication for liver transplant. There is no
vaccination for hepatitis C.

Hepatitis D -- a disease of the liver, transmitted through blood or bodily fluids of an infected person. The vaccination for hepatitis D
is the hepatitis B vaccine.

Hepatitis E -- a hepatitis virus found in the feces of infected persons and animals. It is spread by eating or drinking contaminated
food or water. It remains uncommon in the United States.

hepatoma -- see liver cancer. Also called hepatoblastoma or hepatocellular cancer.

hepatosplenomegaly -- enlargement of the liver and spleen.

hepatomegaly -- having a large liver.

Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN) -- see Charcot Marie Tooth Disease

hereditary progressive arthroophthalmopathy -- see Stickler syndrome.

hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) -- a group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of
the legs. Early in the progression, there may be mild gait difficulties and stiffness, which progress slowly so that eventually a person
with HSP may require a cane, walker, or wheelchair. More complicated forms may affect the optic nerve and retina, cause
cataracts, ataxia, epilepsy, cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and deafness. There are at least 20 different forms of
HSP. HSP infantile onset, HSP type 1, HSP type 2, HSP type 3A, HSP type 4, HSP, type 7, and HSP type 8 are described below.
e
heredity -- transmission of physical and personality characteristics from parent to offspring.

heredity influences (hereditary information) -- the portion of development that can be attributed to characteristics passed from
parent to offspring.

heretic -- a dissenter from established religious dogma.

heritability -- an estimate of the degree to which variation of a characteristic in a population is influenced by genetic factors.

hermaphrodite -- also called intersexual; a person who has both male and female sex organs, or organs that are not distinct, as
when a female's clitoris resembles a man's penis. Jung: both male and female,represents the union of opposites, an important idea
in Jung's theory.

hermaphrodite archetype -- Jung (see black and white picture--->)

hernia -- the protrusion of an organ or organ tissue through the wall of the cavity that
normally contains it.

hero archetype -- Jung: the mana personality and the defeater of evil dragons -- our EGO
-- the hero is, however, often dumb as a post. (see color picture -------------------->)

herpes simplex B -- a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but can also
cause brain damage.

herpes virus (HSV) -- a virus leading to symptoms that range from cold sores to vaginal
infections to encephalitis; also a cause of fetal malformations and sepsis in early infancy; maternal or
teratogenic. A cause of deaf-blindness.

hertz (Hz) -- a unit used to measure the frequency of sound in terms of the number of cycles that vibrating molecules complete per
second.

heterochromia -- difference in coloration, usually of the iris, but also of hair or skin. It may be genetic (autosomal dominant) or
acquired due to injury, inflammation, some eyedrops, or tumors. Disorders that may have heterochromia as a symptom include
Sturge-Weber syndrome, Waardenburg's syndrome, piebaldism, etc.

heteronomous morality stage -- Piagetian stage of moral development in which children adhere strictly to rules and base moral
decisions on the authority of others.

heterogamous marriages -- marriages in which the participants are of different education, ethnicity, race, religion, age, and social
class.

heterosexism -- one kind of mind set; the belief that the standard family is heterosexual, with homosexual families -- lesbians
and gays -- not being viewed as true families.

heterosexual -- person who has a sexual attraction to members of the opposite gender.

heterosexuality -- sexual inclination toward members of the opposite gender.

heterotaxia -- abnormal arrangement of organs or parts of the body in relation to one another.

heterotopia -- migration and development of normal neural tissue in an abnormal location in the brain.

heterozygote -- a carrier of a recessive genetic disorder.

heterozygous -- describes a child's condition with respect to a trait when each parent has contributed a different copy of the gene
for that trait to their child; having 2 different alleles at the same place on a pair of chromosomes.

heuristic -- a shortcut or rule of thumb used to help solve a problem.

hexosaminidase -- an enzyme, a deficiency of which leads to Tay Sachs disease.

H-frame relationship -- a type of relationship in which partners have strong self-identities and are extremely independent of each
other and of the relationship.

hidden agenda -- in a blended family, expectations about how everyone should behave that often are not communicated.

hidden marriage contract -- an unwritten but legally binding set of rights, responsibilities, and obligations of spouses.

HIE -- see hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

hierarchy of needs -- Maslow: his pyramid (------------------------------------------------>).

high blood pressure -- see hypertension

high density lipoproteins (HDL) -- a protein-fat
combination with a high protein in fat ratio, which
is formed in the blood to aid fat transport; a high
HDL blood value may decrease risk of
cardiovascular disease.

higher auditory cortex -- That section of the
brain that processes sound.

higher level esteem -- Maslow: In the
hierarchy of needs theory, the fourth level, or
the need for self-esteem, confidence,
competence, achievement, mastery, etc. The
other part of the level are the lower level esteem
needs.

higher levels of consciousness -- Maslow:
one of the aspects of the Fourth Force of Psychology inaugurated by Maslow.

high fructose corn syrup -- a frequently used sweetener produced by exposing corn starch to acid and enzyme action to increase
the fructose content; it is much sweeter than sucrose.

high guard position -- walking position with arms up and out to the side that suggests abnormal physical development or balance
problems if this position is typically used beyond the toddler years.

highly mobile children -- a new group of children recognized in IDEA, 2004 (PL 108-446).

highly qualified -- PL 108-446 -- all special education teachers must have state special education certification OR have passed a
state licensing exam AND have license to teach special education; have not had certification or licensure waived on emergency,
temporary, or provisional basis, AND have at least a bachelor's degree. This law revisitation required these as well as other
qualifications for teachers at the close of school year 2005--2006 (according to IDEA).

high muscle tone -- muscles are very rigid and tense.

high risk -- see at risk.

High Scope model -- focuses on active learning, which includes children participating in the planning and preparing of activities and
then reviewing the process at completion.

High/Scope project -- a project begun in 1962 designed to reveal the effects of early intervention on children who are
economically disadvantaged. The project is based on the cognitive curriculum of Piaget. The longitudinal study traces the impact of
the project into adulthood.

"high stakes" assessment -- Any assessment that has the potential to influence educational opportunities for children, such as
placement in special programs, ability grouping, or retention in grade.

high-stakes test -- on the basis of the tests, decisions are made that affect the child, the
teacher, or the school.

hillocks -- a small protuberance or elevation, as from an organ,
structure, or tissue.

hindbrain (rhombencephalon) -- includes the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla
oblongata, which function collectively to support vital bodily processes. The medulla is
connected to the spinal cord, and controls unconscious, yet essential, body functions such
as breathing, swallowing, blood circulation, and muscle tone. Located above the medulla
is the pons, which serves as a bridge to connect the brainstem and the cerebellum. It
controls eye and body movements and plays a role in sleep and arousal states. see
picture.

hinge joint -- a joint that allows movement in one direction, as in the elbows or knees.

hip bone -- a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone in the lower abdomen, and connected to the thigh bone by the hip joint, one
of the few ball and socket joints of the body. It surrounds the pelvic cavity on the sides and back. Together with the sacrum and
the coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. It is made of three parts -- the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis -- which are fused in the
adult.

hippocampus -- found deep in the temporal lobe, central to the middle of the
brain area. It is crescent shaped and strongly involved in learning and memory
formation (------------------------>).

hippotherapy -- the therapeutic use of horseback riding.

Hirschsprung's disease -- a disease of the large intestine that causes severe
constipation or intestinal obstruction. It is a congenital condition, and is
usually diagnosed in infancy. Hirschsprung's disease is caused by the absence
of some nerve cells in all or part of the large intestines. These nerve cells signal
muscles in the large intestine to push stool through to the anus. Symptoms in
newborns are green or brown vomit, explosive stools after a doctor inserts a finger
into the rectum, swelling of the abdomen, lots of gas, and bloody diarrhea.
Symptoms in toddlers and older children include not being able to pass stools
without laxatives or enemas, swelling of the abdomen, lots of gas, bloody diarrhea,
slow growth and development, lack of energy due to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia).

hirsutism -- excessive body hair (see picture of a woman with hirsutism.)

historical studies -- type of research whereby researchers compare census data, or demographic data to
ascertain changing patterns of family life.

HIV -- see Human Immunodeficiency virus.
                                                                
Hodgkin's disease or lymphoma -- a type of lymphoma, which is a type of cancer originating from white blood cells called
lymphocytes. It is characterized by the spread of disease from one lymph node group to the other, with the development of
systemic symptoms as the disease progresses. The survival rate is generally 90% of more when the disease is detected during early
stages.

holding activities -- Activities children can work on independently while waiting for group activities to begin.  

holiday -- used synonymously with the term "celebration" to reflect a broader approach to special days in a child's life.  

holistic -- focuses on treating the entire person, including cognitive, physical, and social-emotional needs.

holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency -- see multiple carboxylase deficiency, infantile or early form.

holographic -- one-word sentences that have meaning.  

holophrases -- individual words that convey as much meaning as whole sentences.  

holophrastic speech -- A state of speech development where the child conveys meaning with a one-word utterance.

holoprosencephaly -- this classification encompasses a spectrum of midline defects of the brain and face. The most severe are
incompatible with life. Individuals who survive have varying degrees of disability ranging from typical development with hypertelorism
(widely spaced eyes) to alobar holoprosencephaly (brain without segmentation into hemispheres) and cyclopia (single central
eye). Associated complications: seizures, endocrine abnormalities, micropenis and other genital anomalies, cleft of retina, and
mental retardation. Facial anomalies are seen in 80% of cases. Cause: genetically heterogenous; sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene
on chromosome 7q36 implicated in some cases; many cases have involved mutations in different genes, such as those located at
2p21 (SIX3 gene), 13q32 (ZIC2 gene), or 18p11.3 (TGIF gene); cases may be caused by a single gene or a larger chromosomal
abnormality. May be part of a syndrome or caused by teratogenic exposure; as an isolated birth defect, it may be autosomal
dominant or autosomal recessive.

Holt-Oram syndrome -- upper-limb defect ranging from hypoplastic (incompletely formed), abnormally placed or absent thumbs to
hypoplasia of radius, ulna, or humerus (arm bones) to complete phocomelia (foreshortened limbs); 85% to 95% of affected
individuals also have congenital heart defect (atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect are most common). Associated
complications: occasional abnormalities of chest muscles and vertebral anomalies. Caused by mutations in the TBX5 gene on
chromosome 12q2; autosomal dominant.

home-based program -- Services for young children with disabilities performed in the child's home. Parents take on much of the
responsibility of the intervention. Professionals make regular visits to work directly with the child and to provide instruction for the
caregiver.

home file -- a record system parents maintain about their child's medical and educational history.

home health nurse -- this professional provides at-home nursing care for patients, as a follow-up after discharge from a hospital,
for rehabilitation, long-term care, or skilled nursing.

homeless children -- PL 108-446 -- Children who do not have a regular, adequate nighttime residence, including children (a)
sharing others' housing due to loss of housing, economic hardship, or similar reasons; living in motels, hotels, trailer parks, or
campgrounds due to lack of alternative adequate accommodations; living in emergency or transitional shelters; abandoned in
hospitals; or awaiting foster care placement; (b) whose primary nighttime residence is a public or private place not designed for or
ordinarily used for regular sleeping accommodation; (c) living in cars, public spaces, abandoned buildings, substandard housing, bus
or train stations, or similar settings; and (d) who are migratory youth living in circumstances described in (a) -- (c). (Homeless children
are eligible -- just like any other student -- to IDEA services, if their disability is such that impedes their educational performance.

homemaker role -- traditional role whereby the woman is principally responsible for housework, child raising, and maintaining family
ties to parents and in-laws.

homeobox  (HOX) -- a group of genes involved in early embryonic development.

homeostasis -- equilibrium of fluid, chemical, and temperature regulation of the body; Maslow: normalcy; status quo.

Home Start -- a derivation of the Head Start program; designed to provide comprehensive services to young children and their
parents in the home through the utilization of home visitors.

homocystinuria -- downward dislocation of lens of the eye (with myopia); tall, slim physique; hypopigmentation (fair skin); and
sparse thin hair. Two forms have been described, differing in their responsiveness to pyridoxine (Vitamin B6). Associated
complications: mild to moderate mental retardation in 1/2 to 3/4 of untreated individuals; a vascular event such as myocardial
infarction and stroke occurs in 50% of affected individuals by age 30 due to increased risk for blood clots; behavioral disorders,
cataracts, or glaucoma; scoliosis; osteoporosis. Caused by an inherited defect in the enzyme cystathionine beta-synthetase
caused by mutations in a gene on chromosome 21q22; autosomal recessive.

homoeroticism -- erotic attraction toward a member of the same gender.  

homogamous marriages -- marriages between partners of similar education, ethnicity, race, religion, age, and social class.  

homogamy -- marriage between partners of similar education, ethnicity, race, religion, age, and social class.

homologous -- having the same relative position, value, or structure, such as having the same or allelic genes with genetic loci
usually arranged in the same order; derived from or developed in response to organisms of the same species.

homophobia -- also called anti-gay prejudice, negative attitudes toward homosexuality and homosexuals.

homosexual -- a person who has a sexual attraction to members of his/her own gender.

homosexuality -- sexual inclination toward members of the same gender.

homozygous -- describes a child's condition with respect to a trait when both parents have contributed identical copies of the gene
for that trait to their child; having 2 identical alleles at the same place on a pair of chromosomes.

homunculus --  a diminutive human; a miniature, fully-formed individual believed by early theorists of preformation to be present in
the sperm cells.

hook up -- a physical encounter that allows possible sexual interaction -- ranging from kissing to having sex -- without commitment.

horizontal decalage -- development within a Piagetian stage. Gradual mastery of logical concepts during the concrete operational
stage is an example.

hormonal methods -- female forms of contraception that use chemicals to prevent ovulation or implantation of the fertilized egg in
the uterus, via pill, vaginal ring, vaginal insertion, skin patch, injection, or implant.  

hormones -- chemical substances secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands. Men usually have more testosterone
(produced by the testes), and women have more estrogen and progesterone (produced by the ovaries). These hormones and
the different sex chromosomes underlying them are certainly what produce different physical characteristics -- for example, facial
hair on men and breasts on women.

hostile aggression -- aggression directed toward another person, generally in retaliation for his or her actions.  

hostile sexism -- holding negative attitudes toward women and their status.  

household -- a person or group of people who occupy a housing unit.  

householder -- The person in whose name a housing unit is either owned, being bought, or rented.  

househusband -- also known as stay-at-home dad; a man who is a full-time homemaker.

housekeeping/dramatic play center -- a place for acting out familiar home scenes with various real-life props in an early
childhood setting.

H. Pylori (Helicobacter Pylori) --  a bacterium that causes chronic inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach in humans. It is
the most common cause of ulcers worldwide. In the US, 30% of the adult population is affected (50% of infected persons are infected
by age 60). In countries where there is poor sanitation, 90% of adult population can be infected.

HSP, infantile onset -- see hereditary spastic paraplegia -- a very rare form of HSP caused by mutations on the ALS2 gene on
chromosome 2, autosomal recessive. Initial symptoms may begin in infancy or early childhood and gradually worsen. Symptoms
are weakness of the legs, hypertonicity in the legs. Children with this disorder are usually wheelchair-bound by late childhood or
early adolescence. Weakness and stiffness of the arm muscles usually occurs by age 8. More progressive symptoms are slow eye
movements, and difficulty with speech and swallowing.

HSP, type I -- see hereditary spastic paraplegia -- also called L1 syndrome; includes muscle stiffness and weakness of the lower
limbs, mental retardation, hydrocephalus, adducted thumbs, aphasia, seizures, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. It is
caused by mutations in the L1CAM gene on the X chromosome, X-linked recessive.

HSP, type 2 -- see hereditary spastic paraplegia -- a rare form of HSP, with spasticity in the lower limbs, ataxia, nystagmus,
mild mental retardation, tremor, and atrophy of the optic nerves. Symptoms become apparent between the ages of 1 and 5
years; those affected are typically able to walk and have a normal lifespan. It is caused by mutations in the PLP1 gene on the X
chromosome, X-linked recessive.

HSP, type 3A -- see hereditary spastic paraplegia -- a pure hereditary spastic paraplegia marked by the usual muscle stiffness
characteristic of HSP; also progressive muscle wasting (amyotrophy) in the lower limbs, reduced bladder control, and scoliosis, all
usually appearing in the first decade of life. It is caused by mutations in the ATL1 gene on chromosome 14, autosomal dominant.

HSP, type 4 -- see hereditary spastic paraplegia -- a pure hereditary spastic paraplegia marked by spasticity of the leg
muscles and muscle weakness; also exaggerated reflexes (hyperreflexia), ankle spasms, high-arched feet, and reduced bladder
control. It usually affects nerve and muscle function in the lower half of the body. It is caused by mutations in the SPAST gene,
chromosome 2, autosomal dominant.

HSP, type 7 -- see hereditary spastic paraplegia -- involves spasticity of the leg muscles and progressive muscle weakness,
hyperreflexia, dysarthria, dysphagia, nystagmus, mild hearing loss, scoliosis, high-arched feet, numbness, tingling, or pain in
the arms and legs (sensory neuropathy), motor neuropathy, and amyotrophy. It is caused by mutations in the SPG7 gene on
chromosome 16, autosomal recessive.

HSP, type 8 --  see hereditary spastic paraplegia -- a pure hereditary spastic paraplegia, leg weakness and spasticity,
hyperreflexia, a decreased ability to feel vibrations, amyotrophy, and reduced bladder control, usually starting in early to
mid-adulthood. It is caused by mutations on the KIAA0196 gene, chromosome 8, autosomal dominant.

HPV -- see human papilloma virus.

HSV -- see herpes simplex virus.

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) -- the hormone secreted by the embryo that prevents its expulsion from the uterus. A
pregnancy test measures the presence of this hormone in the blood or urine.

Human Genome Project -- Project developed by the United States and the United Kingdom to identify the 80,000 genes in human
DNA; to determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA; to store this information in
databases; to develop tools for data analysis; and to address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -- The virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), bringing about
a variety of ills and the breakdown of the immune system, which allows the development of certain infections and cancers; maternal
or teratogenic. HIV is now considered pandemic. As of January 2006, the World Health Organization has estimated that AIDS
has killed over 25 million people since it was first recognized December 1, 1981.

human kinship -- Maslow: a quality of the self-actualising principle -- means finding social interests, compassion, beauty, and
humanity.

humanistic theory -- a humanistic approach to intervention that concentrates on providing an atmosphere of love and trust in
teaching and learning, with an emphasis on open communication and the child's immediate experiences.

Humanist theory -- the psychological theory of Abraham Maslow and others; it involves principles of motivation and wellness,
centering on people's needs, goals, and successes.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) -- a virus which causes warts, usually passed by sexual contact, and some strains
are associated with an increased incidence of cervical cancer.

humerus -- an arm bone; see picture

Hunter syndrome (MPS II) -- see mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS); a cause of deaf-blindness. (see NPS II).

Huntington Disease (previously called Huntington chorea), juvenile -- juvenile onset progressive
neurological disorder. For cases to be considered juvenile HD, onset must occur by 20 years of age. Children
present with dysarthria, clumsiness, hyperreflexia, rigidity, and oculomotor disturbances. Associated
complications: joint contractures, swallowing dysfunction, seizures, grimacing, absentmindedness, and involuntary
dancelike movements (chorea). Caused by an expansion of CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) trinucleotide repeat in
huntingtin gene on chromsome 4p16.3 (normal number of CAG repeats is 11 -- 34; individuals affected with juvenile
HD have greater than 60 CAG repeats); autosomal dominant.

Hurler-Scheie syndrome -- see Hurler syndrome or MPS I.

Hurler syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis I-H) -- inborn error of mucopolysaccharide metabolism. Short stature, progressive
mental retardation, coarse facial appearance, full lips, flat nasal bridge, clouded corneas, liver and spleen enlargement, body
abnormalities of spine and limbs. Cell, tissue, and organ dysfunction. Life span usually does not exceed 10 years. Caused by a
deficiency of enzyme alpha iduronidase, autosomal recessive inheritance. Prenatally diagnosis available through amniocentesis
or chorionic villus sampling and enzyme analysis. Associated complications are visual and hearing deficits, progressive joint
limitation, kyphosis, hernias, progressive cardiac failure, motor and muscle development usually peak at 2 years of age and then
deteriorate. Incidence: 1/100,000; recurrence risk to patient's siblings, 25%; a cause of deaf blindness. (see MPS I)

hurlyburly -- uproar, tumult

hyaline cartilage -- semi-transparent and appears bluish-white in color. It is extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic. It consists
of living cells, chondrocytes, which are situated far apart in fluid-filled spaces, the lacuna. It contains a number of collagenous
fibers. It occurs in the trachea, the larynx, the tip of the nose, in the connection between the ribs and the breastbone, and also the
ends of bone where they form joints. Temporary cartilage in embryos consists of hyaline cartilage. Called hyaline connective
tissue.

hybrid -- offspring of parents of dissimilar species.

hydranencephaly -- a rare condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with
cerebrospinal fluid. An infant born with this condition may appear normal at first, but after a few weeks, the infant becomes irritable
and has increased muscle tone. After a few months, seizures and hydrocephalus may develop. Other symptoms may include
visual impairment, lack of growth, deafness, blindness, spastic quadriparesis (paralysis), and mental retardation. It is
considered to be an extreme form of porencephaly, and may be caused by vascular infections or traumatic events after the 12th
week of pregnancy. Outlook is poor and most infants with hydranencephaly die before age 1.

hydrocephalus -- a condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the
brain. This leads to enlargement of the head; a cause of deaf blindness; multifactorial. Hydrocephalus can be controlled by a
surgical procedure called "shunting" which relieves the fluid buildup in the brain. If a drain (shunt) is not implanted, the pressure
buildup can cause brain damage, seizures, or blindness. Hydrocephalus can occur without spina bifida, but the two conditions
often occur together.

hydrogen -- a chemical element with the atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. It has an atomic weight of 1.00794. It is
composed of a single proton and a single electron. It is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. It is estimated that
90% of the visible universe is composed of hydrogen.

hydrops -- extreme swelling in all tissue spaces resulting in destruction of the normal development and functioning of organs.

hymen -- thin mucous membrane at the juncture of the vulva and the vagina.

hymenotomies -- a procedure to enlarge the hymen.

hyoid bone -- a bone in the head that is not attached to any other bones in the body; it is
supported by a network of muscles and ligaments, which keep it trapped directly below the
tongue. The primary role of the hyoid bone is to support the weight of the tongue, allowing
articulation while speaking, and making possible the production of a wide range of
vocalizations. Without the hyoid bone, humans would be incapable of speech as we know it.
The first hyoid bone appeared in hominids around 300,000 years ago. The hyoid bone is
shaped like a horseshoe. It is sometimes called the lingual bone. (see picture)

hyperactivity -- perhaps the most frequently mentioned behavior characteristic in the literature on ADHD. In some cases, the term
hyperactivity refers to too much activity. In others, the term refers to activity inappropriate for a given situation or context. The child
who is hyperactive has difficulty sitting still, is in constant motion, is fidgety and driven by an "inner motor."

hyperacusis -- collapsed tolerance to normal environmental sounds. Ears also lose most of their dynamic range, which means the
ability of the ear to deal with quick shifts in sound loudness. With hyperacusis, ALL sounds are nearly intolerably loud. The disorder
is chronic, and is usually accompanied by tinnitus. Other symptoms are inner ear pain and a feeling of pressure in the ears.
Hyperacusis may be caused by loud sounds such as a rock concert, firing a gun, air bag deployment, fireworks, any other extremely
loud sound, drugs, Lyme's disease, Meniere's, TMJ, head injury, or postoperative surgery.

hyperalimentation -- intravenous provision of high-quality nutrition (i.e., carbohydrates, protein, fat). This is also called
parenteral nutrition. It is used in children with malabsorption, malnutrition, and short gut syndrome.

(Congenital) Hyperammonemia -- group of inborn errors of metabolism presenting with vomiting, lethargy, and coma in the
newborn period or early childhood. If untreated, infants die or have mental retardation. Caused by a defect in one of the five urea
cycle enzymes, leading to a buildup of ammonia. Autosomal recessive inheritance except ornithine transcarbamylase enzyme
deficiency (OTC) which is X-linked recessive). Can be diagnosed prenatally by enzyme analysis of cells from amniotic fluid or
DNA studies. Can be treated by protein restriction and arginine supplements with sodium benzoate/sodium phenylacetate therapy.
Associated complications are coma and death, mental retardation, cerebral palsy. Incidence: 1/30,000; recurrence risk to
patient's siblings, 25%, except OTC, which is 50% for patient's male siblings, and 50% of female siblings being carriers.

hyperbilirubinemia -- excess of bilirubin in the blood, which can result in jaundice, a yellowing of the complexion and/or whites of
the eyes, or kernicterus, the yellow staining of certain central parts of the brain.

hyperbola -- a plane curve generated by a point so moving that the difference of the distances from two fixed points is a constant.

hyperbole -- extravagant exaggeration

hyperborean -- a member of a people held by the ancient Greeks to live beyond the north wind in a region of perpetual sunshine;
an inhabitant of a cool northern climate

hypercalcemia -- excessively high levels of calcium.

hypercholesterolemia (familial) -- high levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) at birth. The condition can cause heart attacks
at an early age. Symptoms are fatty, cholesterol-rich skin deposits (xanthomas); cholesterol deposits in the eyelids
(xanthelasmas); chest pain (angina) associated with coronary artery disease; and obesity. It is caused by a defect of a gene on
chromosome 19; typically autosomal dominant.

hyperelastic -- skin that can be stretched beyond what is considered normal, which then returns to normal. It occurs when there is a
problem with the production of collagen fibers. Collagen is a type of protein that makes up much of the body's tissue. It is seen in
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, pseudoxanthoma, subcutaneous T-cell
lymphoma, and sun-related changes in aging skin.

hyperextension -- the movement of extension beyond that needed to straighten a limb.

hyperfocus -- refers to demonstrating intense levels of concentration and attention in completing tasks.

hyperglycemia -- a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of sugar in the blood.

hyperimmune serum -- blood that is especially rich in antibodies against a virus.

hyperkinetic behavior -- an excess of behavior in circumstances where it is not appropriate

hyperkinetic dysarthria -- involves a loss of inhibitory (stopping, halting, slowing) control -- thus, abnormal involuntary movements
interrupts speech. This may occur in the form of tremors, tics, athetosis (writhing movements), or dystonia (movement to an
extraneous posture and momentary freezing in that position).

hypernasality -- a voice resonance disorder  that occurs when excessive air passes through the nasal cavity, often resulting in an
unpleasant twanging sound.

hyperopia -- farsightedness; a refractive problem wherein the eyeball is excessively short, focusing light rays behind the retina.

hyperparathydoidism -- high levels of blood parathyroid hormone, which causes abnormalities in calcium and phosphorous
metabolism.

hyperpigmentation -- the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin.

hyperreflexia -- overactive or overresponsive reflexes, such as twitching. It is most often caused by a spinal cord injury, but can be
a result of several other factors and syndromes, such as preeclampsia, brain tumor, stroke, Angelman syndrome,
Charcot-Marie Tooth syndrome, Parkinson disease, Rubenstein-Taybi syndrome, etc.

hypersensitivity -- a state in which an immune response damages the body's own tissues.

hypersynchronous -- in the context of the central nervous system (CNS), pertaining to the discharge of many neurons at the
same time, which leads to a seizure.

hypertelorism -- widely spaced eyes; an abnormally wide space between two organs or parts (----------->).  

hypertension -- elevation of blood pressure above the normally accepted values.  

hyperthyroidism -- overactivity of the thyroid gland characterized by increased metabolism. An example is Graves'
disease.  

hypertonicity -- high muscle tone; hypertonia

hypertonic muscle tone -- Muscle tone that is too high, resulting in tense, contracted muscles; also called
spasticity.  

hypertrichosis -- excessive hair growth.  

hypertriglyceridemia -- excess triglycerides in plasma.

hypertrophy -- overgrowth of a body part or organ.  

hyperventilation -- rapid breathing often with forced inhalation; can lead to sensations of dizziness, light-headedness, and
weakness.

hypnosis -- Freud: Freud spent a year in Paris learning hypnosis from Charcot. Impressed at first, he later abandoned it; as with
the cathartic method, it did not produce long-term results.

hypnotic suggestion -- Freud

hypocalcemia -- abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood  

hypochondria -- a preoccupying fear of having a serious illness. This conviction persists despite medical evaluation and
reassurance of good health. People with hypochondria are obsessed with bodily functions and interpret normal sensations (such as
heart beats, sweating, or bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, a small sore, or slightly swollen lymph
nodes) as symptoms of serious medical conditions. They may also focus on vague and ambiguous physical sensations, like a "sore
liver" or "tired veins." One form of this disorder involves a preoccupation with a single organ (such as the lungs) or disease (such as
cancer). Negative results of diagnostic examinations do little to decrease a patient's anxiety about his or her health, and he or she
continues to seek medical attention. Because patients with hypochondria usually see their primary care physicians rather than go to
mental health clinics or join psychiatric research programs, it is difficult to determine how many people actually suffer from this
disorder. Estimates range from 0.8% to 8.5% of the general US population. It seems to occur equally in men and women.

hypodontia -- missing teeth as a result of their failure to develop.

hypogenitalism -- partial or complete failure of the genitals to develop.

hypoglycemia -- low blood sugar; often found in premature infants and infants of mothers with diabetes.  

hypogonadism -- decreased function of sex glands with resultant retarded growth and sexual development.

hypokinetic dysarthria -- dysarthria that involves lack of movement, usually caused by Parkinson's disease.

hyponasality -- a voice resonance disorder whereby too little air passes through the nasal cavity; also known as denasality.

hypoparathyroidism -- an endocrine disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid
hormone (PTH). Symptoms are abdominal pain; brittle nails; cataracts; dry hair, dry, scaly skin; muscle cramps; muscle spasms; pain
in the face, legs, and feet; seizures; tingling lips, fingers, and toes; weakened tooth enamel; decreased consciousness; delayed or
absent tooth formation; hand or foot spasms; and painful menstruation.

hypophosphatasia -- a disorder of calcium and phosphate metabolism with symptoms ranging from a severe infantile form (which
can be rapidly fatal) to a relatively mild childhood form. A total of 6 kinds of the disease have been described (perinatal severe,
perinatal moderate, infantile, childhood, adult, and odontohypophosphatasia [dental only]). Features include short stature, bowed
long bones, cariosynostosis, hypocalcemia; seizures, multiple fractures, premature loss of teeth. The neonatal form presents as short
limbs and poor ossification of the skeleton. The childhood form presents with an early loss of secondary teeth, short stature, and
delayed walking with a waddling gait. Joint pain and nonprogressive muscle weakness may also be present. Caused by mutations in
the "tissue non-specific" alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL) on chromosome 1p36; autosomal recessive (severe forms),
autosomal recessive and dominant (milder forms).

hypophosphatemic rickets -- X-linked dominant.

hypopigmented -- loss of skin color

hypoplasia -- incomplete or underdeveloped organ or tissue. (hypoplastic)  

hypoplastic lungs -- small lungs that are not fully developed; associated with
oligohydramnios and lack of fetal breathing efforts.  

hypospadias -- abnormal urethral opening in the penis.  

hypotension -- low blood pressure.

hypothalamus -- an area in the center of the brain which influences the pituitary gland,
which in turn influences the testes and ovary by the release of sex hormones. Located in
the bottom center of the middle of the brain area under the thalamus. Complex  thermostat-
like structure that influences and regulates appetite, hormone secretion, digestion, sexuality,
circulation, emotions, and sleep (see diagram ---------------------------------------->).  

hypothermia -- low body temperature; especially a risk in premature infants.  

hypothesis -- a tentative theory or assumption made to draw inferences or test conclusions; an interpretation of a practical situation
that is then taken as the ground for action.  

hypothetico - deductive reasoning -- the type of reasoning used in science.  

(Congenital) Hypothyroidism -- hoarse cry, large for gestational age, large tongue, umbilical hernia, floppy tone, mental
retardation. Cause can be a primary defect in development of thyroid gland, an inborn error of metabolism, or an abnormality
of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Prenatal diagnosis is unavailable, but newborn screening is available. Can be treated with
thyroid hormone supplementation. Associated complications are mental retardation, growth retardation, delayed bone and dental
maturation. If treatment is initiated prior to 6 weeks of age, intellect is normal in 95% of cases. If treatment is delayed beyond 1 year,
10% or less will have normal intelligence. Incidence: 1/4000; recurrence risk, depends on cause.

hypotonia -- poor muscle tone; low muscle tone (see illustration right there)

hypotonic muscle tone -- A condition in which the individual has low muscle tone; floppy muscles
that exhibit resistance to being stretched; having decreased muscle tone; noun: hypotonia.

hypoxemia -- seriously low blood oxygen supply to the entire body.

hypoxia, hypoxic -- reduction of oxygen content in body tissues.

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) -- an acute brain malfunction often resulting in coma
caused by acute reduction in the blood flow and the oxygen supply to the brain.

hypsarrhythmia -- electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormality seen in infants with infantile seizures. It is marked by chaotic
spike and wave activity.

hysteria -- Freud: a state of mind, one of unmanageable fear or emotional excesses.

hysterotomy -- surgical abortion performed late in a woman's pregnancy, in weeks 16 to 24; used mainly when the woman's life is in
danger and other abortion methods are considered too risky. Also called a "small cesarean section," this procedure requires
hospitalization; the physician makes a surgical incision in the abdomen and uterus and removes the fetus.
A    B   C   D   E   F   G  I  JKL   M   NO   PQ   R   Sa--So   Sp--Sz   
T      U--Z
Smells are surer than
sounds and sights to
make heart-strings
crack. --Rudyard
Kipling